The quinoa pest Copitarsia incommoda (Walker, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cause of significant damage, and it is thus critical for Andean countries to have access to phenological models to maintain production and food safety. These models are key components in pest control strategies in the context of global warming and in the development of sustainable production integrating agroecological concepts. Phenological models are mainly based on outlining the relationship between temperature and development rate. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of protein content within the diet (artificial diet; artificial diet with −20% protein; artificial diet with +20% protein; natural quinoa diet) and temperature (12, 16.9, 19.5, 22.7, 24.6°C) as drivers of the development rate. Our study supports the literature, since temperature was found to be the main driver of the development rate. It highlights the significant role played by protein content and its interaction with temperature (significant effects of temperature, diet, and diet:temperature on development time using GLMs for all foraging life stages). We discuss the implications of such drivers of the development rate for implementing and applying phenological models that may benefit from including factors other than temperature. While performance curves such as development rate curves obtained from laboratory experiments are still a useful basis for phenological development, we also discuss the need to take into account the heterogeneity of the insect response to environmental factors. This is critical if pest control practices are to be deployed at the optimal time.

中文翻译：

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日粮与温度的相互作用对夜蛾科藜麦害虫发展速度的影响

藜麦害虫 Copitarsia incommoda (Walker, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 是造成严重破坏的原因，因此安第斯国家获得物候模型以维持生产和食品安全至关重要。这些模型是全球变暖背景下害虫防治战略和发展整合农业生态概念的可持续生产的关键组成部分。物候模型主要基于概述温度和发育速率之间的关系。在这项研究中，我们调查了日粮中蛋白质含量（人工日粮；含-20% 蛋白质的人工日粮；含+20% 蛋白质的人工日粮；天然藜麦日粮）和温度（12、16.9、19.5、22.7、 24.6°C）作为发展速度的驱动因素。我们的研究支持文献，因为温度被发现是发展速度的主要驱动力。它强调了蛋白质含量及其与温度的相互作用所起的重要作用（温度、饮食和饮食的显着影响：温度对发育时间的影响，使用 GLM 在所有觅食生命阶段）。我们讨论了这种发展速度驱动因素对实施和应用物候模型的影响，这些模型可能受益于包括温度以外的因素。虽然从实验室实验中获得的发育速率曲线等性能曲线仍然是物候发育的有用基础，但我们还讨论了考虑昆虫对环境因素反应的异质性的必要性。如果要在最佳时间部署害虫防治措施，这一点至关重要。