The quinoa pest Copitarsia incommoda (Walker, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a cause of significant damage, and it is thus critical for Andean countries to have access to phenological models to maintain production and food safety. These models are key components in pest control strategies in the context of global warming and in the development of sustainable production integrating agroecological concepts. Phenological models are mainly based on outlining the relationship between temperature and development rate. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of protein content within the diet (artificial diet; artificial diet with -20% protein; artificial diet with +20% protein; natural quinoa diet) and temperature (12, 16.9, 19.5, 22.7, 24.6°C) as drivers of the development rate. Our study supports the literature, since temperature was found to be the main driver of the development rate. It highlights the significant role played by protein content and its interaction with temperature (significant effects of temperature, diet, and diet:temperature on development time using GLMs for all foraging life stages). We discuss the implications of such drivers of the development rate for implementing and applying phenological models that may benefit from including factors other than temperature. While performance curves such as development rate curves obtained from laboratory experiments are still a useful basis for phenological development, we also discuss the need to take into account the heterogeneity of the insect response to environmental factors. This is critical if pest control practices are to be deployed at the optimal time.

中文翻译：

---

日粮与温度的相互作用对夜蛾藜害虫发育速度的影响。

藜麦害虫Copitarsia incommoda（Walker，鳞翅目：夜蛾科）是造成严重破坏的原因，因此对于安第斯国家来说，获得物候模型以维持生产和食品安全至关重要。这些模型是全球变暖和结合农业生态概念的可持续生产发展中有害生物控制战略的关键组成部分。物候模型主要基于概述温度与发育速度之间的关系。在这项研究中，我们调查了日粮中的蛋白质含量（人工饮食；含20％蛋白质的人工饮食；含+ 20％蛋白质的人工饮食；天然藜麦饮食）和温度（12、16.9、19.5、22.7， 24.6°C）作为发展速度的驱动力。我们的研究支持文献，因为发现温度是发展速度的主要驱动力。它强调了蛋白质含量及其与温度的相互作用所起的重要作用（温度，饮食和饮食：温度对所有觅食生命阶段使用GLM的发育时间的显着影响）。我们讨论了这种发展速度驱动因素对实施和应用物候模型的影响，这些物候模型可能会受益于温度以外的其他因素。尽管从实验室实验获得的性能曲线（例如发育速率曲线）仍然是物候学发展的有用基础，但我们也讨论了必须考虑到昆虫对环境因素的异质性。如果要在最佳时间部署有害生物控制措施，这至关重要。