Visual distractors interfere with tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) at moderately short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) in typically developing participants. Presentation of a rubber hand in a forward direction to the participant's hand enhances this effect, while that in an inverted direction weakens the effect. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have atypical multisensory processing; however, effects of interferences on atypical multisensory processing in ASD remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of visual interference on tactile TOJ in individuals with ASD. Two successive tactile stimuli were delivered to the index and ring fingers of a participant's right hand in an opaque box. A rubber hand was placed on the box in a forward or inverted direction. Concurrently, visual stimuli provided by light-emitting diodes on the fingers of the rubber hand were delivered in a congruent or incongruent order. Participants were required to judge the temporal order of the tactile stimuli regardless of visual distractors. In the absence of a visual stimulus, participants with ASD tended to judge the simultaneous stimuli as the ring finger being stimulated first during tactile TOJ compared with typically developing (TD) controls, and congruent visual stimuli eliminated the bias. When incongruent visual stimuli were delivered, judgment was notably reversed in participants with ASD, regardless of the direction of the rubber hand. The findings demonstrate that there are considerable effects of visual interferences on tactile TOJ in individuals with ASD.

中文翻译：

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视觉干扰对自闭症谱系障碍患者触觉时间顺序判断的非典型影响。

视觉干扰物会在通常发育的参与者中以适度短的刺激开始异步 (SOA) 干扰触觉时间顺序判断 (TOJ)。在参与者的手的向前方向上展示橡胶手会增强这种效果，而在相反的方向上会减弱这种效果。自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 个体具有非典型的多感官处理；然而，干扰对 ASD 非典型多感官处理的影响仍不清楚。在这项研究中，我们检查了视觉干扰对 ASD 个体触觉 TOJ 的影响。在一个不透明的盒子里，两个连续的触觉刺激被传递到参与者右手的食指和无名指。一只橡胶手以向前或向后的方向放在盒子上。同时，橡胶手手指上的发光二极管提供的视觉刺激以一致或不一致的顺序传递。无论视觉干扰因素如何，参与者都需要判断触觉刺激的时间顺序。在没有视觉刺激的情况下，与典型发育 (TD) 对照相比，患有 ASD 的参与者倾向于将同步刺激判断为无名指在触觉 TOJ 期间首先受到刺激，并且一致的视觉刺激消除了偏差。当传递不一致的视觉刺激时，无论橡皮手的方向如何，ASD 参与者的判断都会明显逆转。研究结果表明，视觉干扰对 ASD 患者的触觉 TOJ 有相当大的影响。