The reactivity-regulation model suggests that the origins and maintenance of shyness results from relatively high levels of reactivity in combination with relatively low levels of regulation. Although this model has received some empirical support, there are still issues regarding directionality of the relations among variables and a dearth of studies examining the joint influence of reactivity and regulation on the prospective development of shyness. Using a longitudinal design, we first examined whether the relations among reactivity, regulation, and shyness were unidirectional or bidirectional in a sample of 1284 children (49.8% female, 84.1% White; mean parental education fell between associate degree/diploma and undergraduate degree) assessed annually across three waves from late childhood and early adolescence (Mage = 10.72 years) to adolescence (Mage = 12.42 years) and then examined whether reactivity and regulation interacted to influence the development of shyness over time. At Wave 1, shyness was related to higher levels of reactivity and lower levels of regulation at Wave 2, but neither reactivity nor regulation at Wave 1 predicted shyness at Wave 2. At Wave 2, shyness predicted greater reactivity at Wave 3, but shyness at Wave 3 was only predicted by lower levels of regulation at Wave 2. Contrary to the reactivity-regulation model of shyness, we found that relatively high levels of reactivity and low levels of regulation predicted a steep decrease in shyness over 3 years. These results are discussed in the context of the socioemotional difficulties experienced by shy individuals and demonstrate the importance of empirically evaluating long-standing models of personality development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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青春期害羞的发展：反应性，调节性，还是两者兼而有之？

反应性调节模型表明，害羞的起源和维持是由于相对高水平的反应性与相对低水平的调节相结合的结果。尽管该模型得到了一些实证支持，但仍然存在关于变量之间关系的方向性的问题，并且缺乏研究反应性和调节性对害羞的预期发展的共同影响的研究。使用纵向设计，我们首先检查了 1284 名儿童样本（49.8% 女性，84.1% 白人；平均父母教育程度介于副学士学位/文凭和本科学位之间）中反应性、调节性和害羞之间的关系是单向的还是双向的从童年晚期和青春期早期（Mage = 10. 72 岁）到青春期（法师 = 12.42 岁），然后检查反应性和调节是否相互作用以随着时间的推移影响害羞的发展。在第 1 波中，害羞与第 2 波中较高的反应性和较低的调节水平有关，但第 1 次的反应性和调节都不能预测第 2 波的害羞。第 3 波仅通过第 2 波的较低监管水平进行预测。与害羞的反应性调节模型相反，我们发现相对高水平的反应性和低水平的调节预测了 3 年内害羞的急剧下降。这些结果在害羞个体所经历的社会情感困难的背景下进行了讨论，并证明了经验评估长期存在的人格发展模型的重要性。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。