The present study examined, within a longitudinal family-informed design and across middle childhood, the predictive associations between preference for solitude and social wariness, two forms of social withdrawal, and peer difficulties. Specifically, preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, was expected to predict peer victimization and rejection, two aspects of peer difficulties. A total of 1,014 children from the Quebec Newborn Twin Study were assessed by teachers and peers at ages 6, 7, and 10 years. Multilevel analyses conducted across three levels, between family, within family, and within person, revealed that preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, increased the risk for peer difficulties in terms of both peer victimization and peer rejection. Specifically, preference for solitude was systematically associated with peer rejection starting at age 6 years and became progressively associated with peer victimization over time. This pattern was found both between and within families. In addition, the predictive association with peer rejection was found within genetically identical, monozygotic twin pairs, suggesting that this predictive association existed after taking into account genetic vulnerabilities. Social wariness was systematically unrelated to peer difficulties. These findings suggest that preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, is a risk factor for peer difficulties. They underscore the relevance of distinguishing these dimensions of social withdrawal and illustrate the usefulness of a family-informed design to document the processes underlying childhood social adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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童年中期的社交谨慎、偏爱孤独和同伴困难：一项纵向的家庭知情研究。

本研究在纵向的家庭知情设计中和整个童年中期检查了偏爱独处和社交警惕、两种形式的社交退缩和同伴困难之间的预测关联。具体来说，对孤独的偏好，而不是对社会的警惕，预计可以预测同伴的受害和拒绝，这是同伴困难的两个方面。来自魁北克新生儿双胞胎研究的 1,014 名儿童在 6、7 和 10 岁时接受了教师和同龄人的评估。在家庭之间、家庭内部和个人内部三个层次上进行的多层次分析表明，偏爱孤独而不是社会警惕，增加了同伴受害和同伴排斥方面的同伴困难的风险。具体来说，从 6 岁开始，对独处的偏好与同伴拒绝系统地相关，并且随着时间的推移逐渐与同伴受害相关。在家庭之间和家庭内部都发现了这种模式。此外，在遗传相同的同卵双胞胎中发现了与同伴排斥的预测关联，这表明在考虑到遗传脆弱性之后存在这种预测关联。社会警惕性与同伴困难系统地无关。这些研究结果表明，偏爱独处而不是社交警惕是同伴困难的风险因素。他们强调了区分这些社会退缩维度的相关性，并说明了家庭知情设计对记录儿童社会适应过程的有用性。