Malassezia yeasts are commensal microorganisms occurring on the skin of humans and animals causing dermatological disorders or systemic infections in severely immunocompromised hosts. Despite attempts to control such yeast infections with topical and systemic antifungals, recurrence of clinical signs of skin infections as well as treatment failure in preventing or treating Malassezia furfur fungemia have been reported most likely due to wrong management of these infections (e.g., due to early termination of treatment) or due to the occurrence of resistant phenomena. Standardized methods for in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests of these yeasts are still lacking, thus resulting in variable susceptibility profiles to azoles among Malassezia spp. and a lack of clinical breakpoints. The inherent limitations to the current pharmacological treatments for Malassezia infections both in humans and animals, stimulated the interest of the scientific community to discover new, effective antifungal drugs or substances to treat these infections. In this review, data about the in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and echinocandins) against Malassezia yeasts, with a focus on human bloodstream infections, are summarized and their clinical implications are discussed. In addition, the usefulness of alternative compounds is discussed.

中文翻译：

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针对马拉色菌感染的常规疗法和新型抗真菌药物。

马拉色菌酵母菌是人类和动物皮肤上的共生微生物，可在严重免疫功能低下的宿主中引起皮肤病或全身感染。尽管尝试用局部和全身抗真菌药控制此类酵母菌感染，但据报道，皮肤感染的临床症状复发以及预防或治疗糠秕马拉色菌真菌血症的治疗失败很可能是由于对这些感染的错误管理（例如，由于早期终止治疗）或由于耐药现象的发生。仍然缺乏对这些酵母进行体外抗真菌药敏试验的标准化方法，因此导致马拉色菌对唑类药物的敏感性不同。并且缺乏临床断点。目前对人类和动物马拉色菌感染的药物治疗的固有局限性激发了科学界的兴趣，以发现新的、有效的抗真菌药物或物质来治疗这些感染。在这篇综述中，总结了最常用的药物（即唑类、多烯、烯丙胺和棘白菌素）对马拉色菌的体内和体外抗真菌活性的数据，重点是人类血流感染，并总结了它们的临床意义进行了讨论。此外，还讨论了替代化合物的有用性。总结了最常用药物（即唑类、多烯、烯丙胺和棘白菌素）对马拉色菌的体内和体外抗真菌活性的数据，重点是人类血流感染，并讨论了它们的临床意义。此外，还讨论了替代化合物的有用性。总结了最常用药物（即唑类、多烯、烯丙胺和棘白菌素）对马拉色菌的体内和体外抗真菌活性的数据，重点是人类血流感染，并讨论了它们的临床意义。此外，还讨论了替代化合物的有用性。