Thirty-one children of gay single fathers and 28 children of heterosexual single fathers, all born through surrogacy, were compared with 31 children of gay partnered fathers through surrogacy and 30 children of heterosexual partnered fathers through in-vitro fertilization on their perceptions of self-worth and their father- and caregiver-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors. For children of single fathers, the study also examined associations between aspects related to their surrogacy conception, feelings about their family arrangement, and behavioral adjustment. All children (47.5% girls) were aged 6-12 years (Mmonths = 97.84, SD = 20.50) and living in Italy; all fathers (Myears = 43.79; SD = 6.42) identified as cisgender, reported a medium-to-high socioeconomic status, and were White (with the exception of one gay partnered father). No differences were found across the four family groups in any behavioral outcome, with children demonstrating, on average, high levels of self-worth and low levels of internalizing and externalizing problems. In single-father families, regardless of the father's sexual orientation, children with a weaker understanding of surrogacy, lower satisfaction with their contact with the gestational carrier, and lower comfort with their family arrangement were associated with more externalizing problems. Furthermore, children's female gender and lower satisfaction with their contact with the gestational carrier were associated with more internalizing problems, whereas children's male gender and greater understanding of surrogacy were associated with higher self-worth. Taken together, these findings do not support the commonly held assumption that the combination of surrogacy conception and single fatherhood is detrimental for children's behavioral adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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同性恋和异性恋单身父亲的学龄儿童通过代孕进行行为调整的相关因素。

通过代孕出生的 31 个同性恋单身父亲的孩子和 28 个异性恋单身父亲的孩子与 31 个通过代孕出生的同性恋父亲的孩子和 30 个通过体外受精的异性恋父亲的孩子对他们对自我的看法进行了比较。价值和他们的父亲和照顾者报告的内化和外化行为。对于单亲父亲的孩子，该研究还检查了与代孕概念、对家庭安排的感受和行为调整相关的方面之间的关联。所有儿童（47.5% 女孩）的年龄为 6-12 岁（Mmonths = 97.84, SD = 20.50），居住在意大利；所有父亲（Myears = 43.79；SD = 6.42）都被确定为顺性别，报告社会经济地位为中到高，并且是白人（一位同性恋伴侣父亲除外）。在任何行为结果上，四个家庭组之间没有发现差异，平均而言，儿童表现出高水平的自我价值和低水平的内化和外化问题。在单亲家庭中，无论父亲的性取向如何，对代孕的理解较弱、对与代孕者接触的满意度较低、对家庭安排的舒适度较低的孩子与更多的外化问题相关。此外，儿童的女性性别和与代孕者接触的满意度较低与更多内化问题相关，而儿童的男性性别和对代孕的更多理解与更高的自我价值相关。综合起来，这些发现不支持普遍持有的假设，即代孕受孕和单亲父亲的结合不利于儿童的行为调整。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。