This study investigated the role of workplace preparedness actions in employee perceptions of workplace risk, workplace preparedness, and personal self-efficacy in an active shooter event. Data were drawn from an online, state representative survey of 668 Pennsylvania residents in 2019. Nearly 40% of employees reported their workplaces had not taken any preparedness actions. Having a workplace take a greater number of preparedness actions was associated with increased self-efficacy and increased perceptions of workplace preparedness, but also an increase in perceived risk. Males and gun owners perceived lower levels of workplace risk and reported substantially higher self-efficacy. However, associations between workplace efforts and self-efficacy differed from those for perceived workplace preparedness. Associations with firearm policy and the presence of security staff also differed for the two outcomes.

中文翻译：

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宾夕法尼亚州工作场所安全：员工对主动射手准备的看法。

这项研究调查了工作场所准备行动在员工对主动射击事件的工作场所风险，工作场所准备和个人自我效能感的认识中的作用。数据来自于2019年对668名宾夕法尼亚州居民进行的在线州代表调查。近40％的员工表示其工作场所未采取任何防备措施。让工作场所采取更多的准备行动与提高自我效能感和提高对工作场所准备的认识有关，但同时也增加了所感知的风险。男性和枪支拥有者认为工作场所的风险较低，并且据称自我效能明显较高。但是，工作场所的努力和自我效能之间的联系不同于感知到的工作场所的准备。