Post Translational Modification (PTM) is a process in which covalent addition of functional groups on protein occurs to maintain their structure, function and stability. Every PTM process in our living system occurs to enhance the functional diversity of a protein. But sometimes, it occurs without any regulation and that might lead to autoimmunity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one such chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease that affects the joints. Proper treatment can make the symptoms manageable for RA, but it is not curable. Delayed diagnosis of RA can cause severe bone pain, stiffness, inflammation, redness in joints and affect other parts of the body such as the liver, kidney, etc. Early diagnosis of RA is necessary to manage the aggressive symptoms. Currently, Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide (Anti-CCP) are considered as biomarkers to diagnose RA. Besides citrullination, several other PTMs are also involved in the generation of autoantibodies, such as carbamylation, glycosylation, glycation, acetylation, ubiquitination, proteolysis, phosphorylation, and lipidation. The aim of this review is to elucidate several changes in the form, nature, and function of PTMs in RA. This review will give a recent overview on the role of PTMs in the pathogenesis of RA with a focus on the post-translational modifications.

翻译后修饰 (PTM) 是在蛋白质上共价添加官能团以维持其结构、功能和稳定性的过程。我们生命系统中的每个 PTM 过程都是为了增强蛋白质的功能多样性。但有时，它会在没有任何监管的情况下发生，这可能会导致自身免疫。类风湿性关节炎 (RA) 是一种影响关节的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病。适当的治疗可以使 RA 的症状得到控制，但它是不可治愈的。RA 的延迟诊断会导致严重的骨痛、僵硬、炎症、关节发红，并影响身体的其他部位，如肝脏、肾脏等。RA 的早期诊断对于控制侵袭性症状是必要的。现在，类风湿因子 (RF) 和抗瓜氨酸环肽 (Anti-CCP) 被认为是诊断 RA 的生物标志物。除瓜氨酸化外，其他几种 PTM 也参与自身抗体的产生，例如氨甲酰化、糖基化、糖基化、乙酰化、泛素化、蛋白水解、磷酸化和脂化。本综述的目的是阐明 RA 中 PTM 的形式、性质和功能的一些变化。本综述将概述 PTM 在 RA 发病机制中的作用，重点是翻译后修饰。本综述的目的是阐明 RA 中 PTM 的形式、性质和功能的一些变化。本综述将概述 PTM 在 RA 发病机制中的作用，重点是翻译后修饰。本综述的目的是阐明 RA 中 PTM 的形式、性质和功能的一些变化。本综述将概述 PTM 在 RA 发病机制中的作用，重点是翻译后修饰。