Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, the incidence and mortality of which are increasing worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) as new therapeutic tools have demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity and manageable tolerability in HCC. Immunologic checkpoint blockade with antibodies targeting Programmed cell Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) strengthens tumor immunity by restoring exhausted T cells. Although the efficacy of combination treatment strategies using ICIs combined with other ICIs, molecular targeted agents, systemic therapy, or locoregional therapy has been well documented in numerous preclinical and clinical studies on several types of cancers, most HCC patients do not benefit from ICI treatment. This review highlights recent developments and potential opportunities related to ICIs and their combination in the management of HCC. The present article also includes recent patent review coverage on this topic.

中文翻译：

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肝细胞癌中的癌症免疫疗法-免疫检查点抑制剂。

肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率和死亡率在全世界范围内都在增加。近年来，癌症免疫疗法彻底改变了癌症治疗方法。尤其是，作为新的治疗工具的免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）已证明在HCC中具有令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤活性和可控制的耐受性。用针对程序性细胞死亡1（PD-1），程序性细胞死亡配体1（PD-L1）和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4（CTLA-4）的抗体进行免疫学检查点阻断，可通过恢复耗尽的T来增强肿瘤免疫力细胞。尽管使用ICI与其他ICI，分子靶向药物，全身治疗相结合的联合治疗策略的疗效，在多种类型的癌症的大量临床前和临床研究中，已经很好地记录了局部或局部疗法，大多数HCC患者无法从ICI治疗中受益。这篇综述着重介绍了与ICI及其在HCC管理中的结合有关的最新发展和潜在机会。本文还包括有关该主题的最新专利审查范围。