Lupus nephritis (LN) is severe renal comorbidity associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and monitoring of LN patients still rely on renal biopsy, a procedure that exposes patients to a variety of risks and is not capable of providing longitudinally information about disease prognosis. In this review, we summarized current data of recent promising biomarkers developed in the precision medicine era, particularly under genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques. Genome-wide association studies have been evaluating the role of endogenous elements beyond the autoimmunity in LN. Transcriptomic methods, including single-cell sequencing, are potential tools in identifying inflammatory signatures, miRNAs, and gene expression. Proteomic measures, including anti-C1q antibodies, cytokines, TLRs, VCAM-1, NGAL osteopontin, angiostatin, have been considered helpful to provide a more profound comprehension of the disease pathogenic processes. Metabolomic approaches may identify several abnormal metabolite profiles related to the impairment of cellular functions. Together, these accurate, non-invasive, and moderate-cost propedeutic resources may be the novel tools for recognizing, distinguishing, and predicting LN progression and prognosis. Furthermore, omics evaluation may also predict responsiveness to treatment and, consequently, change the way we manage LN cases in the near future.

狼疮性肾炎 (LN) 是与系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 相关的严重肾脏合并症，系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 是一种复杂的自身免疫性疾病，具有高发病率和死亡率。LN 患者的诊断和监测仍然依赖于肾活检，该过程使患者面临各种风险，并且无法提供有关疾病预后的纵向信息。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近在精准医学时代开发的有前景的生物标志物的当前数据，特别是在基因组、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学技术下。全基因组关联研究一直在评估自身免疫以外的内源性因素在 LN 中的作用。转录组学方法，包括单细胞测序，是识别炎症特征、miRNA 和基因表达的潜在工具。蛋白质组学措施，包括抗 C1q 抗体、细胞因子、TLR、VCAM-1、NGAL 骨桥蛋白、血管抑制素，被认为有助于更深入地了解疾病的发病过程。代谢组学方法可以识别与细胞功能受损相关的几种异常代谢物谱。总之，这些准确、无创且成本适中的手术资源可能是识别、区分和预测 LN 进展和预后的新工具。此外，组学评估还可以预测对治疗的反应，从而在不久的将来改变我们管理 LN 病例的方式。代谢组学方法可以识别与细胞功能受损相关的几种异常代谢物谱。总之，这些准确、无创且成本适中的手术资源可能是识别、区分和预测 LN 进展和预后的新工具。此外，组学评估还可以预测对治疗的反应，从而在不久的将来改变我们管理 LN 病例的方式。代谢组学方法可以识别与细胞功能受损相关的几种异常代谢物谱。总之，这些准确、无创且成本适中的手术资源可能是识别、区分和预测 LN 进展和预后的新工具。此外，组学评估还可以预测对治疗的反应，从而在不久的将来改变我们管理 LN 病例的方式。