BACKGROUND The host innate immune system can recognize Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), thereby initiating innate immune responses and subsequent adaptive immune responses. PAMPs can be developed as a vaccine adjuvant for modulating and optimizing antigen-specific immune responses, especially in combating viral infections and tumor therapy. Although several PAMP adjuvants have been successfully developed, they are still lacking in general, and many are in the preclinical exploration stage. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the research progress and development direction of PAMP adjuvants, focusing on their immune mechanisms and clinical applications. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. We highlight the immune mechanisms and clinical applications of PAMP adjuvants. RESULTS Because of the differences in receptor positions, specific immune cells targets, and signaling pathways, the detailed molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetic properties of one agonist cannot be fully generalized to another agonist, and each PAMP should be studied separately. In addition, combination therapy and effective integration of different adjuvants can increase the additional efficacy of innate and adaptive immune responses. CONCLUSION The mechanisms by which PAMPs exert adjuvant functions are diverse. With continuous discovery in the future, constant adjustments should be made to build new understandings. At present, the goal of therapeutic vaccination is to induce T cells that can specifically recognize and eliminate tumor cells and establish long-term immune memory. Following immune checkpoint modulation therapy, cancer treatment vaccines may be an option worthy of clinical testing.

中文翻译：

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PAMP佐剂的免疫机制和临床应用。

背景技术宿主先天免疫系统可以通过模式识别受体（PRR）识别病原相关分子模式（PAMP），从而启动先天免疫应答和随后的适应性免疫应答。PAMPs可以作为疫苗佐剂开发，用于调节和优化抗原特异性免疫反应，尤其是在对抗病毒感染和肿瘤治疗中。尽管已经成功开发了几种PAMP佐剂，但总体上仍缺乏它们，许多还处于临床前探索阶段。目的综述PAMP佐剂的研究进展和发展方向，重点探讨其免疫机制和临床应用。方法对PubMed，Scopus和Google Scholar进行了筛查以获取此信息。我们重点介绍了PAMP佐剂的免疫机制和临床应用。结果由于受体位置，特异性免疫细胞靶点和信号传导途径的差异，一种激动剂的详细分子机制和药代动力学特性无法完全归结为另一种激动剂，因此每种PAMP都应单独研究。另外，组合疗法和不同佐剂的有效整合可以增加先天性和适应性免疫反应的附加功效。结论PAMPs发挥佐剂功能的机制是多种多样的。随着未来的不断发现，应该不断调整以建立新的理解。目前，治疗性疫苗接种的目的是诱导可以特异性识别和消除肿瘤细胞并建立长期免疫记忆的T细胞。在免疫检查点调节疗法之后，癌症治疗疫苗可能是值得临床测试的一种选择。