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Type III secreted effectors that target mitochondria
Cellular Microbiology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-06 , DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13352 Ipsita Nandi 1 , Lior Aroeti 2 , Rachana Pattani Ramachandran 1 , Ephrem G Kassa 1 , Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin 1 , Benjamin Aroeti 1
Cellular Microbiology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-06 , DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13352 Ipsita Nandi 1 , Lior Aroeti 2 , Rachana Pattani Ramachandran 1 , Ephrem G Kassa 1 , Efrat Zlotkin-Rivkin 1 , Benjamin Aroeti 1
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A type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to secrete and translocate a battery of proteins, termed effectors, from the bacteria directly into the host cells. These effectors, which are thought to play a key role in bacterial virulence, hijack and modify the activity of diverse host cell organelles, including mitochondria. Mitochondria—the energy powerhouse of the cell—are important cell organelles that play role in numerous critical cellular processes, including the initiation of apoptosis and the induction of innate immunity. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogenic bacteria use mitochondrially targeted effectors to control host cell death and immunity pathways. Surprisingly, however, we found that despite their importance, only a limited number of type III secreted effectors have been characterised to target host mitochondria, and the mechanisms underlying their mitochondrial activity have not been sufficiently analysed. These include effectors secreted by the enteric attaching and effacing (A/E), Salmonella and Shigella bacterial pathogens. Here we give an overview of key findings, present gaps in knowledge and hypotheses concerning the mode by which these type III secreted effectors control the host and the bacterial cell life (and death) through targeting mitochondria.
中文翻译：
III 型分泌的靶向线粒体的效应器
革兰氏阴性细菌病原体使用 III 型分泌系统 (T3SS) 来分泌和转移一组称为效应子的蛋白质，从细菌直接进入宿主细胞。这些效应子被认为在细菌毒力中起关键作用，劫持和改变包括线粒体在内的多种宿主细胞器的活性。线粒体——细胞的能量发电站——是重要的细胞器，在许多关键细胞过程中发挥作用，包括细胞凋亡的启动和先天免疫的诱导。因此，病原菌使用线粒体靶向效应物来控制宿主细胞死亡和免疫途径也就不足为奇了。然而，令人惊讶的是，我们发现尽管它们很重要，只有有限数量的 III 型分泌效应器被表征为靶向宿主线粒体，并且尚未充分分析其线粒体活性的机制。这些包括由肠黏附和抹除 (A/E) 分泌的效应器，沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌细菌病原体。在这里，我们概述了主要发现，关于这些 III 型分泌效应物通过靶向线粒体控制宿主和细菌细胞生命（和死亡）的模式的知识和假设存在差距。
更新日期：2021-05-06
中文翻译：
III 型分泌的靶向线粒体的效应器
革兰氏阴性细菌病原体使用 III 型分泌系统 (T3SS) 来分泌和转移一组称为效应子的蛋白质，从细菌直接进入宿主细胞。这些效应子被认为在细菌毒力中起关键作用，劫持和改变包括线粒体在内的多种宿主细胞器的活性。线粒体——细胞的能量发电站——是重要的细胞器，在许多关键细胞过程中发挥作用，包括细胞凋亡的启动和先天免疫的诱导。因此，病原菌使用线粒体靶向效应物来控制宿主细胞死亡和免疫途径也就不足为奇了。然而，令人惊讶的是，我们发现尽管它们很重要，只有有限数量的 III 型分泌效应器被表征为靶向宿主线粒体，并且尚未充分分析其线粒体活性的机制。这些包括由肠黏附和抹除 (A/E) 分泌的效应器，沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌细菌病原体。在这里，我们概述了主要发现，关于这些 III 型分泌效应物通过靶向线粒体控制宿主和细菌细胞生命（和死亡）的模式的知识和假设存在差距。
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