BACKGROUND:Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) can lead to diarrhea and fulminant colitis. C. difficile infects the host using toxins. Recent studies report prevalence of CDI in the small intestine. Berries are known to contain antioxidants and phenolic compounds that might mitigate bacterial infection. OBJECTIVE:We explored the impact of C. difficile toxins on the small intestine using an in vitro approach and used systems biology techniques together with data integration to identify food compounds that can reduce their cytopathic impact. METHODS:Differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed to C. difficile toxins and the transcriptomic changes were studied. To identify foods with potential beneficial counteracting effects, the transcriptomic profiles were integrated with transcriptomics data from Caco-2 cells exposed to various food compounds and analyzed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS:Beneficial food candidates, selected by multivariate analysis, such as blackcurrant, strawberry and yellow onion were further examined for their potential to counteract the effect of the toxin-induced disruption of cell integrity and toxin translocation. Our results confirmed effects of food compounds, on the cytopathic effects of toxins in the small intestine. CONCLUSION:Blackcurrant, strawberry and yellow onion can counteract C. difficile toxins induced effects.

中文翻译：

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基于转录组的黑醋栗，草莓和黄洋葱对减弱艰难梭菌毒素的细胞病变作用的有益作用的鉴定

背景：艰难梭菌感染（CDI）可导致腹泻和暴发性结肠炎。艰难梭菌利用毒素感染宿主。最近的研究报道了小肠中CDI的患病率。浆果中含有抗氧化剂和酚类化合物，可减轻细菌感染。目的：我们使用体外方法探索了艰难梭菌毒素对小肠的影响，并使用系统生物学技术以及数据集成来鉴定可减少其细胞病变影响的食物化合物。方法：将分化的Caco-2细胞暴露于艰难梭菌毒素并研究其转录组学变化。为了识别具有潜在有益抵消作用的食品，转录组图谱与暴露于各种食品化合物的Caco-2细胞的转录组学数据进行整合，并使用多变量分析进行分析。结果：通过多变量分析选择的有益食品候选物，如黑加仑，草莓和黄洋葱，被进一步检查了其抵消毒素诱导的细胞完整性破坏和毒素转运的作用的潜力。我们的结果证实了食物化合物对小肠毒素的细胞病变作用的影响。结论：黑加仑，草莓和黄洋葱可以抵消艰难梭菌毒素的诱导作用。进一步检查了草莓和黄洋葱的潜力，以抵消毒素诱导的细胞完整性破坏和毒素转运的影响。我们的结果证实了食物化合物对小肠毒素的细胞病变作用的影响。结论：黑加仑，草莓和黄洋葱可以抵消艰难梭菌毒素的诱导作用。进一步检查了草莓和黄洋葱的潜力，以抵消毒素诱导的细胞完整性破坏和毒素转运的影响。我们的结果证实了食物化合物对小肠毒素的细胞病变作用的影响。结论：黑加仑，草莓和黄洋葱可以抵消艰难梭菌毒素的诱导作用。