Purpose of Review

This paper reviews various low-cost treatment techniques such as adsorption, permeable reactive barrier, and biological techniques for the simultaneous removal of chemical and microbial contaminants from groundwater and discusses treatment mechanisms of different treatment techniques. This paper also discusses the challenges of groundwater treatment, how to choose the appropriate treatment technique, and cost analysis of groundwater treatment.

Recent Findings

Various treatment technologies have been used for the treatment of groundwater: physical, chemical, and biological technologies with different success rates. In the literature, various adsorbents have been successfully synthesized from low-cost and environmentally friendly materials. Adsorption is considered an efficient treatment technique for the removal of both toxic elements and pathogens by utilizing different adsorbents. For example, the nanostructures of MgO with a BET surface area of up to 171 m²/g obtained a very high adsorption capacity of 29,131 mg/g for fluoride ions in water, while the incorporation of iron in activated carbon has improved its adsorption capacity to 51.3 mg/g for arsenic. Moreover, certain adsorbents have shown the capability to remove 99% of the rotavirus and adenovirus from groundwater.

Summary

Groundwater resources are contaminated with toxic metals and pathogens. Therefore, water treatment technologies should be evaluated for their efficiency to remove such contaminants. Determination of the most cost-effective and efficient treatment technique is not an easy task and requires the understanding of various aspects such as the contaminants present in water, the reuse options considered, and cost analysis of the treatment technique.

中文翻译：

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使用低成本处理方法去除地下水中的有毒元素和微生物污染物

审查目的

本文综述了各种低成本处理技术，例如吸附，可渗透反应性屏障和生物技术，这些技术可同时去除地下水中的化学和微生物污染物，并讨论了不同处理技术的处理机理。本文还讨论了地下水处理的挑战，如何选择合适的处理技术以及地下水处理的成本分析。

最近的发现

各种处理技术已用于地下水的处理：物理，化学和生物技术，成功率不同。在文献中，已经从低成本和环境友好的材料成功地合成了各种吸附剂。吸附被认为是通过利用不同的吸附剂去除有毒元素和病原体的有效处理技术。例如，BET表面积高达171 m ²的MgO纳米结构/ g对水中的氟离子具有29131 mg / g的极高吸附能力，而在活性炭中掺入铁使其对砷的吸附能力提高至51.3 mg / g。此外，某些吸附剂已显示出从地下水中去除99％的轮状病毒和腺病毒的能力。

概括

地下水资源被有毒金属和病原体污染。因此，应评估水处理技术去除此类污染物的效率。确定最具成本效益和最有效的处理技术并非易事，需要了解各个方面，例如水中存在的污染物，考虑的重复使用方案以及处理技术的成本分析。