Background Plastic pollution affects all ecosystems, and detrimental effects to animals have been reported in a growing number of studies. However, there is a paucity of evidence for effects on terrestrial animals in comparison to those in the marine realm. Methods We used the fly Drosophila melanogaster to study the effects that exposure to plastics may have on life history traits and immune response. We reared flies in four conditions: In media containing 1% virgin polyethylene, with no chemical additives; in media supplemented with 1% or 4% polyvinyl chloride, known to have a high content of added chemicals; and control flies in non-supplemented media. Plastic particle size ranged from 23–500 µm. We studied fly survival to viral infection, the length of the larval and pupal stage, sex ratios, fertility and the size of the resultant adult flies. We then performed crossings of F1 flies in non-supplemented media and looked at the life history traits of the F2. Results Flies treated with plastics in the food media showed changes in fertility and sex ratio, but showed no differences in developmental times, adult size or the capacity to fight infections in comparison with controls. However, the offspring of treated flies reared in non-supplemented food had shorter life cycles, and those coming from both polyvinyl chloride treatments were smaller than those offspring of controls.

中文翻译：

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黑腹果蝇微塑料暴露后对发育的跨代影响

背景塑料污染影响所有生态系统，越来越多的研究报告了对动物的有害影响。然而，与海洋领域相比，缺乏证据表明对陆地动物的影响。方法 我们使用果蝇来研究接触塑料对生活史特征和免疫反应的影响。我们在四种条件下饲养苍蝇： 在含有 1% 纯聚乙烯且不含化学添加剂的培养基中；在添加了 1% 或 4% 聚氯乙烯的培养基中，已知添加的化学物质含量高；并控制非补充培养基中的苍蝇。塑料粒径范围为 23–500 µm。我们研究了苍蝇对病毒感染的存活率、幼虫和蛹期的长度、性别比、生育能力和成年苍蝇的大小。然后，我们在非补充培养基中进行了 F1 果蝇的杂交，并研究了 F2 的生活史特征。结果 在食物培养基中用塑料处理的苍蝇显示出生育力和性别比的变化，但与对照组相比，发育时间、成虫体型或抗感染能力没有差异。然而，在非补充食物中饲养的经过处理的苍蝇的后代生命周期较短，并且来自两种聚氯乙烯处理的苍蝇的后代比对照组的后代小。与对照组相比，成年人的体型或抵抗感染的能力。然而，在非补充食物中饲养的经过处理的苍蝇的后代生命周期较短，并且来自两种聚氯乙烯处理的苍蝇的后代比对照组的后代小。与对照组相比，成年人的体型或抵抗感染的能力。然而，在非补充食物中饲养的经过处理的苍蝇的后代生命周期较短，并且来自两种聚氯乙烯处理的苍蝇的后代比对照组的后代小。