Reciprocity implies equality in the giving and receiving of benefits. However, we find that reciprocity does not generate equal benefits, in terms of social status. Instead, across 7 studies (N = 3,426), observers conferred more status to individuals who initiated (i.e., initiators) than individuals who reciprocated (i.e., reciprocators) identical prosocial acts. Further, choosing not to reciprocate a prosocial act led to a more severe status penalty than choosing not to initiate a prosocial act. We find this discounting of reciprocity is driven by perceived obligation-observers view reciprocators as acting under constraint. When reciprocation appears less obligatory (e.g., given indirectly, or privately), the status discount is mitigated. Finally, we show that the discounting of a reciprocal act can be enduring-reciprocators still received less status after 2 successive, counterbalanced rounds of exchange. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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给予比回报更好？亲社会交换中的地位和互惠。

互惠意味着给予和接受利益的平等。然而，我们发现就社会地位而言，互惠不会产生平等的利益。相反，在 7 项研究 (N = 3,426) 中，观察者赋予发起者（即发起者）比回报（即回报者）相同亲社会行为的个体更多的地位。此外，与选择不发起亲社会行为相比，选择不回报亲社会行为会导致更严重的地位惩罚。我们发现这种互惠的折扣是由感知到的义务观察者驱动的——观察者认为互惠者是在约束下行动的。当回报显得不那么必要时（例如，间接或私下给予），身份折扣会减轻。最后，我们表明，互惠行为的折扣可以是持久的——互惠者在连续 2 轮平衡的交换后仍然获得较少的地位。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。