A common observation in dual tasking is a performance decrement in one or both tasks compared with single tasking. Besides, more specific interference occurs depending on certain characteristics of the two tasks. In particular, even Task 1 performance is often improved when responses in both tasks are compatible (e.g., both require left responses) compared to when they are incompatible: the compatibility-based backward crosstalk effect (BCE). Similar to what is observed for conflict tasks, the BCE is sequentially modulated: It is larger following compatible than following incompatible trials. Previous work has attributed this observation to adaptation effects triggered by response conflict arising during incompatible trials. In two experiments, we assessed sequential modulations following trials with different degrees of such a response conflict. In contrast to our expectations, a clear and sizeable sequential modulation was observed even under conditions where no BCE, and thus no empirical sign of an objective response conflict, was present in the previous trial. Therefore, our results show sequential modulations even without prior response conflict, which is not the (sole) trigger of sequential modulations accordingly. We discuss these results with regard to other potential triggers such as the subjective experience of conflict or difficulty, episodic retrieval, and repetitions of response combinations.

中文翻译：

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向后串扰效应不取决于先前的响应冲突的程度。

双重任务的一个常见观察结果是与单个任务相比，一项或两项任务的性能都会下降。此外，取决于两个任务的某些特征，会发生更具体的干扰。特别地，与两个任务中的响应不兼容时相比，即使任务1的性能通常也会得到改善（例如，两个任务都需要左响应）：基于兼容性的反向串扰效应（BCE）。与对冲突任务观察到的情况类似，对BCE进行顺序调制：兼容后的BCE大于不兼容的试验。以前的工作已将此观察结果归因于在不相容的试验期间因反应冲突而触发的适应效应。在两个实验中，我们评估了具有不同程度的此类响应冲突的试验之后的顺序调制。与我们的预期相反，即使在以前的试验中没有BCE的情况下，也观察到了清晰且可观的顺序调制，因此没有客观反应冲突的经验迹象。因此，我们的结果表明，即使没有先前的响应冲突，也可以进行顺序调制，这并不是顺序调制的（唯一）触发。我们讨论了有关其他潜在触发因素的这些结果，例如冲突或困难的主观体验，情节性检索以及重复响应组合。我们的结果表明，即使没有先前的响应冲突，也可以进行顺序调制，这并不是相应的顺序调制的（唯一）触发条件。我们讨论了有关其他潜在触发因素的这些结果，例如冲突或困难的主观体验，情节性检索以及重复响应组合。我们的结果表明，即使没有先前的响应冲突，也可以进行顺序调制，这并不是相应的顺序调制的（唯一）触发条件。我们讨论了有关其他潜在触发因素的这些结果，例如冲突或困难的主观体验，情节性检索以及重复响应组合。