Cotton is not only the world's most important natural fiber crop, but it is also an ideal system in which to study genome evolution, polyploidization, and cell elongation. With the assembly of five different cotton genomes, a cotton-specific whole-genome duplication with an allopolyploidization process that combined the A- and D-genomes became evident. All existing A-genomes seemed to originate from the A0-genome as a common ancestor, and several transposable element bursts contributed to A-genome size expansion and speciation. The ethylene production pathway is shown to regulate fiber elongation. A tip-biased diffuse growth mode and several regulatory mechanisms, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, are involved in fiber development. Finally, we describe the involvement of the gossypol biosynthetic pathway in the manipulation of herbivorous insects, the role of GoPGF in gland formation, and host-induced gene silencing for pest and disease control. These new genes, modules, and pathways will accelerate the genetic improvement of cotton. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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棉花研究的最新进展和未来展望

棉花不仅是世界上最重要的天然纤维作物，而且还是研究基因组进化、多倍化和细胞伸长的理想系统。随着五个不同棉花基因组的组装，棉花特有的全基因组复制与结合 A 和 D 基因组的异源多倍化过程变得明显。所有现有的 A 基因组似乎都起源于作为共同祖先的 A0 基因组，并且几个转座因子的爆发促成了 A 基因组的大小扩展和物种形成。乙烯生产途径显示调节纤维伸长。纤维发育涉及尖端偏向扩散生长模式和多种调节机制，包括植物激素、转录因子和表观遗传修饰。最后，我们描述了棉酚生物合成途径在食草昆虫的操纵中的参与，GoPGF 在腺体形成中的作用，以及宿主诱导的基因沉默以控制病虫害。这些新的基因、模块和途径将加速棉花的遗传改良。《植物生物学年度评论》第 72 卷的预计最终在线出版日期是 2021 年 5 月。请参阅 http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计值。