For the last two decades, extensive research is conducted on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their application in the field of medical, cosmetics, catalysts, packaging, photonics, agriculture and electronics. However, these nanoparticles show toxicity to the environmental, human and animal health. The toxicity effects of nanoparticles are mainly due to their size, which can easily pass through physiological barriers and also due to the synthesis procedure. The toxicity due to their size cannot be avoided, but toxicity due to the synthesis process can be nullified by adopting the biosynthesis process. Bacteria, fungus, fish scales, plant extracts and algae are used to synthesize metal and metal- oxide nanoparticles such as silver, gold, iron-oxide, zinc-oxide, zirconia, etc. For the last few years, researchers have been working on synthesis methods of plant extracts to produce stable, cost-effective and economical nanoparticles. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using different parts of plant extracts. The review contains a summary of selected papers from 2018-20 with a detailed description of the process of synthesis, mechanism, characterization and their application in various fields of biosynthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

在过去的二十年来，人们对金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子及其在医疗、化妆品、催化剂、包装、光子学、农业和电子领域的应用进行了广泛的研究。然而，这些纳米颗粒显示出对环境、人类和动物健康的毒性。纳米粒子的毒性作用主要是由于它们的大小，它可以很容易地穿过生理屏障，也由于合成过程。由于它们的大小导致的毒性无法避免，但通过采用生物合成过程可以消除由于合成过程导致的毒性。细菌、真菌、鱼鳞、植物提取物和藻类用于合成金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子，如银、金、氧化铁、氧化锌、氧化锆等。研究人员一直在研究植物提取物的合成方法，以生产稳定、具有成本效益和经济的纳米颗粒。在这篇综述中，我们专注于使用植物提取物的不同部分进行纳米颗粒的生物合成。该评论包含 2018-20 年选定论文的摘要，详细描述了合成过程、机理、表征及其在生物合成金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子的各个领域中的应用。