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Did Little Albert actually acquire a conditioned fear of furry animals? What the film evidence tells us.
History of Psychology ( IF 1.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-22 , DOI: 10.1037/hop0000176
Russell A Powell 1 , Rodney M Schmaltz 1
Affiliation  

Watson and Rayner's (1920) attempt to condition a fear of furry animals and objects in an 11-month-old infant is one of the most widely cited studies in psychology. Known as the Little Albert study, it is typically presented as evidence for the role of classical conditioning in fear development. Some critics, however, have noted deficiencies in the study that suggest that little or no fear conditioning actually occurred. These criticisms were primarily based on the published reports of the study. In this article, we present a detailed analysis of Watson's (1923) film record of the study to determine the extent to which it provides evidence of conditioning. Our findings concur with the view that Watson and Rayner's conditioning procedure was largely ineffective, and that the relatively weak signs of distress that Albert does display in the film can be readily accounted for by such factors as sensitization and maturational influences. We suggest that the tendency for viewers to perceive the film as a valid demonstration of fear conditioning is likely the result of expectancy effects as well as, in some cases, an ongoing mistrust of behaviorism as dehumanizing and manipulative. Our analysis also revealed certain anomalies in the film which indicate that Watson engaged in some "literary license" when editing it, most likely with a view toward using the film mainly as a promotional device to attract financial support for his research program. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译:

小艾伯特真的对毛茸茸的动物产生了有条件的恐惧吗?电影证据告诉我们什么。

Watson 和 Rayner (1920) 试图在 11 个月大的婴儿中调节对毛茸茸的动物和物体的恐惧,这是心理学中引用最广泛的研究之一。被称为小阿尔伯特研究,它通常作为经典条件反射在恐惧发展中的作用的证据。然而,一些批评者指出研究中的缺陷表明实际上很少或根本没有恐惧条件发生。这些批评主要基于已发表的研究报告。在这篇文章中,我们详细分析了 Watson (1923) 的研究电影记录,以确定它在多大程度上提供了条件反射的证据。我们的发现与 Watson 和 Rayner 的调节程序在很大程度上无效的观点一致,并且阿尔伯特在电影中表现出的相对微弱的痛苦迹象可以很容易地通过诸如敏感和成熟影响等因素来解释。我们认为,观众倾向于将这部电影视为恐惧条件反射的有效证明,这可能是预期效应的结果,以及在某些情况下,持续不信任行为主义是非人性化和操纵性的。我们的分析还揭示了电影中的某些异常情况,表明沃森在剪辑时使用了某种“文学许可”,很可能主要是为了将电影用作宣传手段,为他的研究计划吸引资金支持。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA,保留所有权利)。我们认为,观众倾向于将这部电影视为恐惧条件反射的有效证明,这可能是预期效应的结果,以及在某些情况下,持续不信任行为主义是非人性化和操纵性的。我们的分析还揭示了电影中的某些异常情况,表明沃森在剪辑时使用了某种“文学许可”,很可能主要是为了将电影用作宣传手段,为他的研究计划吸引资金支持。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA,保留所有权利)。我们认为,观众倾向于将这部电影视为恐惧条件反射的有效证明,这可能是预期效应的结果,以及在某些情况下,持续不信任行为主义是非人性化和操纵性的。我们的分析还揭示了电影中的某些异常情况,表明沃森在剪辑时使用了某种“文学许可”,很可能主要是为了将电影用作宣传手段,为他的研究计划吸引资金支持。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA,保留所有权利)。我们的分析还揭示了电影中的某些异常情况,表明沃森在剪辑时使用了某种“文学许可”,很可能主要是为了将电影用作宣传手段,为他的研究计划吸引资金支持。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA,保留所有权利)。我们的分析还揭示了电影中的某些异常情况,表明沃森在剪辑时使用了某种“文学许可”,很可能主要是为了将电影用作宣传手段,为他的研究计划吸引资金支持。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA,保留所有权利)。
更新日期:2020-10-22
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