The extensive use of graphene oxide (GO) results in its inevitable entry into the environment, raising risks to the environment, especially the ecological risks when coexisting with other contaminants. Nevertheless, how GO affects the biological behavior of Cd in plants remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcript levels of Cd transporters, including OsIRT1, OsIRT2, OsNramp1, OsNramp5, and OsHMA2, were decreased by 56–96% in Cd-stressed rice seedlings with exposure to 400 mg L⁻¹ GO compared with those without GO exposure. The in situ non-invasive microelectrodes test revealed that GO clearly reduced the net Cd influx of rice roots. Thus, GO exposure decreased the level of Cd in rice seedlings by approximately 60%, compared with the GO-free condition. However, the analyses of biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Evans blue staining, indicated that GO had adverse effects on the robustness of plants under the Cd co-contaminated condition. Taken together, although GO reduced the accumulation of Cd in rice seedlings, it still negatively affected plant growth. Therefore, the positive and negative impacts of GO on crop production are of concern. Our findings provide new information for establishing a wider phytotoxicity evaluation system for the safe manufacture and use of GO.

氧化石墨烯（GO）的广泛使用导致其不可避免地进入环境，增加了对环境的风险，尤其是当与其他污染物共存时的生态风险。然而，GO如何影响植物中Cd的生物学行为仍知之甚少。在这里，我们报道在暴露于400 mg L ^-1的镉胁迫水稻幼苗中，Cd转运蛋白（包括OsIRT1，OsIRT2，OsNramp1，OsNramp5和OsHMA2）的转录水平降低了56–96％。与未接触GO的人比较。原位非侵入式微电极测试表明，GO明显减少了水稻根部的净Cd流入量。因此，与无GO条件相比，GO暴露使水稻幼苗中的Cd含量降低了约60％。然而，对生物量，叶绿素荧光参数和伊文思蓝染色的分析表明，GO在镉共污染条件下对植物的健壮性具有不利影响。两者合计，尽管GO减少了水稻幼苗中Cd的积累，但仍对植物生长产生负面影响。因此，GO对作物生产的正面和负面影响值得关注。我们的发现为建立安全生产和使用GO的更广泛的植物毒性评估系统提供了新的信息。