Eukaryotic cells adhere to extracellular matrix during the normal development of the organism, forming static adhesion as well as during cell motility. We study this process by considering a simplified coarse-grained model of a vesicle that has uniform adhesion energy with a flat substrate, mobile-curved membrane proteins and active forces. We find that a high concentration of curved proteins alone increases the spreading of the vesicle, by the self-organization of the curved proteins at the high-curvature vesicle–substrate contact line, thereby reducing the bending energy penalty at the vesicle rim. This is most significant in the regime of low bare vesicle–substrate adhesion. When these curved proteins induce protrusive forces, representing the actin cytoskeleton, we find efficient spreading, in the form of sheet-like lamellipodia. Finally, the same mechanism of spreading is found to include a minimal set of ingredients needed to give rise to motile phenotypes.

真核细胞在生物体正常发育过程中粘附于细胞外基质，形成静态粘附以及细胞运动。我们通过考虑囊泡的简化粗粒度模型来研究此过程，该模型具有与平坦基底均匀的粘附能，可移动弯曲的膜蛋白和主动力。我们发现，高浓度的弯曲蛋白仅通过弯曲蛋白在高曲率囊泡-基质接触线处的自组织而增加了囊泡的扩散，从而减少了囊泡边缘的弯曲能量损失。这在裸露的小泡与基质之间的粘附力较低的情况下最为重要。当这些弯曲的蛋白诱导代表肌动蛋白细胞骨架的突出力时，我们发现以片状片状脂溢膜的形式有效地扩散。最后，