Comprising two parts, Ed Zigler's developmental approach has greatly influenced how one conceptualizes children with intellectual disabilities (ID). In part one, Zigler championed a “two-group approach” concerning the cause of children's ID. He distinguished persons with a clear, organic cause of their ID from those displaying no clear cause. Members of this “organic” group often displayed IQs below 50 and co-occurring physical–medical conditions. The second, “cultural–familial” group, mostly showed IQs of 50–70, did not possess co-occurring physical or health problems, and often came from families of lower IQs and lower socioeconomic status. While the presence of these two groups has been supported, recent advances have also further differentiated the organic group, mostly in relation to behavioral phenotypes of persons with several genetic etiologies. In part two, Zigler championed the child with ID as a “whole person.” Originally focused on the child's reactions to social deprivation and failure, recent studies directly examine parent–child, within-family, and wider system interactions throughout the life span. For decades a force within the ID field, Zigler's developmental approach to children with ID continues to influence researchers, interventionists, and policymakers.

中文翻译：

---

Ed Zigler 对智力障碍的发展方法：过去、现在和未来的贡献

Ed Zigler 的发展方法由两部分组成，极大地影响了人们对智障儿童 (ID) 的概念化。在第一部分中，齐格勒倡导一种关于儿童 ID 原因的“两组方法”。他区分了那些有明确、有机的 ID 原因的人和那些没有明确原因的人。这个“有机”群体的成员经常表现出低于 50 的智商和同时发生的身体健康状况。第二个是“文化-家庭”组，智商大多在 50-70 之间，没有同时发生的身体或健康问题，而且通常来自智商较低和社会经济地位较低的家庭。虽然这两个群体的存在得到了支持，但最近的进展也进一步区分了有机群体，主要与具有多种遗传病因的人的行为表型有关。在第二部分中，齐格勒将患有 ID 的孩子视为一个“完整的人”。最初关注孩子对社会剥夺和失败的反应，最近的研究直接检查了父母与孩子、家庭内部和整个生命周期中更广泛的系统互动。几十年来，齐格勒在 ID 领域的一股力量，对 ID 儿童的发展方法继续影响着研究人员、干预主义者和政策制定者。