Over 50% of adoptions are transracial, involving primarily White parents and children of color from different ethnic or racial backgrounds. Transracial adoptive (TRA) parents are tasked with providing ethnic–racial socialization processes (ERS) to support TRA adoptees’ ethnic–racial identity development and prepare them to cope with ethnic–racial discrimination. However, unlike nonadoptive families of color, TRA parents lack shared cultural history with adoptees and have limited experience navigating racial discrimination. Knowledge of ERS among TRA families has centered on unidirectional processes between parenting constructs, ERS processes, and children's functioning. However, ERS processes in this population have complexities and nuances that warrant more sensitive and robust conceptualization. This paper proposes a process-oriented dynamic ecological model of the system of ERS, situating transacting processes in and across multiple family levels (parent, adoptee, family) and incorporating developmental and contextual considerations. With its framing of the complexities in ERS among TRA families, the model offers three contributions: a conceptual organization of parenting constructs related to ERS, a more robust understanding of ERS processes that inform how parents provide ERS, and framing of transacting processes within and between parenting constructs, ERS processes, and children's functioning. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

揭示跨种族收养家庭中种族-种族社会化的复杂性：一个面向过程的交易系统

超过 50% 的收养是跨种族的，主要涉及来自不同种族或种族背景的白人父母和有色人种子女。跨种族收养 (TRA) 父母的任务是提供种族-种族社会化过程 (ERS)，以支持 TRA 被收养者的种族-种族认同发展，并为他们应对种族-种族歧视做好准备。然而，与非收养的有色人种不同，TRA 父母与被收养者缺乏共同的文化历史，并且在应对种族歧视方面的经验有限。TRA 家庭对 ERS ​​的了解主要集中在育儿结构、ERS 过程和儿童功能之间的单向过程。然而，该人群中的 ERS ​​过程具有复杂性和细微差别，需要进行更敏感和稳健的概念化。本文提出了 ERS ​​系统的面向过程的动态生态模型，将交易过程置于多个家庭级别（父母、收养者、家庭）中和跨多个家庭级别（父母、收养者、家庭），并结合发展和背景考虑。凭借其对 TRA 家庭中 ERS ​​复杂性的框架，该模型提供了三个贡献：与 ERS ​​相关的育儿结构的概念组织，对 ERS ​​过程的更深入的理解，如何父母提供ERS，以及在育儿结构、ERS 过程和儿童功能内部和之间的交易过程框架。讨论了对研究、政策和实践的影响。