Bilingual speakers are less accurate and slower than monolinguals in word production. This bilingual cost has been demonstrated primarily for nouns. This study compared verb and noun retrieval to better understand bilingual lexical representation and test alternate hypotheses about bilingual cost. Picture naming speeds from highly proficient English–Spanish bilinguals showed a smaller bilingual cost for verbs compared to nouns. In Experiment 1, picture naming speeds were influenced by name agreement, age-of-acquisition and word length. Additionally, noun (but not verb) naming speed was predicted by word frequency. Experiment 2 examined two potential explanations for the smaller bilingual cost for verbs: verbs experience weaker cross-language interference (measured by translation speed) and smaller frequency effects. Both these predictions were confirmed, showing crucial differences between verbs and nouns and suggesting that cross-language facilitation rather than interference influences bilingual lexical retrieval, and that the frequency lag account of bilingual cost is more applicable to nouns than to verbs. We propose a Bilingual Integrated Grammatical Category model for highly proficient bilinguals to represent lexical category differences.

中文翻译：

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双语图片命名中的词汇类别差异：词汇表示模型的含义

与单语者相比，双语者在单词生成方面的准确性和速度较慢。这双语费用主要用于名词。本研究比较了动词和名词检索，以更好地理解双语词汇表示并测试有关双语成本的替代假设。来自精通英语-西班牙语双语者的图片命名速度显示，与名词相比，动词的双语成本较小。在实验 1 中，图片命名速度受名称一致性、习得年龄和字长的影响。此外，名词（但不是动词）命名速度是由词频预测的。实验 2 检验了动词双语成本较小的两种可能解释：动词的跨语言干扰较弱（通过翻译速度衡量）和频率效应较小。这两个预测都得到了证实，显示了动词和名词之间的关键差异，并表明跨语言促进而不是干扰影响双语词汇检索，并且双语成本的频率滞后考虑更适用于名词而不是动词。我们为熟练的双语者提出了一个双语综合语法类别模型来表示词汇类别差异。