A well-known mystery in quantum mechanics is wave–particle duality: Is an electron a point mass or a physical wave? What is the physical meaning of its wave function? About a hundred years ago, there was a famous debate between Bohr and Einstein on this topic. Their question is still open today. This paper reviews a new theoretical framework to address this problem. Here, it is hypothesized that both photons and electrons are quantized excitation waves of the vacuum, the physical properties of which can be modeled based on the Maxwell theory. Using the method of Helmholtz decomposition, one can show that the wave function of the particle is associated with an electric vector potential called “ Z”, which plays the role of basic field for the excitation wave. Using this framework, the quantum wave equations can be derived based on a quantization of the Maxwell theory. This work suggests that, the quantum wave function truly represents a physical wave; the wave packet looks like a “particle” only in the macroscopic view. Because the vacuum excitation obeys the principle of all-or-none, the probability of detecting this “particle” is related to the wave function as suggested in the Copenhagen interpretation.

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波粒二象性物理基础评述：量子力学与麦克斯韦理论的概念联系

量子力学中一个众所周知的谜团是波粒二象性：电子是点质量还是物理波？它的波函数的物理意义是什么？大约一百年前，玻尔和爱因斯坦就这个话题进行了一场著名的辩论。他们的问题今天仍然悬而未决。本文回顾了一个新的理论框架来解决这个问题。在这里，假设光子和电子都是真空的量子化激发波，其物理性质可以基于麦克斯韦理论进行建模。使用亥姆霍兹分解的方法，可以证明粒子的波函数与矢量电势称为“Z”，它的作用是基础领域为激发波。使用该框架，可以基于麦克斯韦理论的量化推导出量子波动方程。这项工作表明，量子波函数真正代表了一种物理波；波包仅在宏观上看起来像一个“粒子”。因为真空激发服从全有或全无原则，检测到这个“粒子”的概率与哥本哈根解释中建议的波函数有关。