Previous research has suggested that people with a history of offending have worse health compared to non-offenders, but it is less clear whether all types of offenders are at similar health risks. In a New Zealand birth cohort study, Moffitt evidenced three main offending trajectories—life-course-persistent (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending, subsequently confirmed in other substantial longitudinal studies.

中文翻译：

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在剑桥不良发展研究中，根据罪犯类型，自我报告和全科医生记录了 48 岁之前的终生健康指标

先前的研究表明，与非犯罪者相比，有犯罪史的人的健康状况更差，但尚不清楚是否所有类型的犯罪者都面临相似的健康风险。在新西兰的一项出生队列研究中，莫菲特证明了三种主要的犯罪轨迹——生命历程持续性 (LCP)、青春期限制性 (AL) 和迟发性 (LO) 犯罪，随后在其他大量纵向研究中得到证实。