Aqueous film-forming foam, used in firefighting, and biowastes, including biosolids, animal and poultry manures, and composts, provide a major source of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) input to soil. Large amounts of biowastes are added to soil as a source of nutrients and carbon. They also are added as soil amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity. Plant uptake of PFAS through soil application of biowastes is a pathway for animal and human exposure to PFAS. The complexity of PFAS mixtures, and their chemical and thermal stability, make remediation of PFAS in both solid and aqueous matrices challenging. Remediation of PFAS in biowastes, as well as soils treated with these biowastes, can be achieved through preventing and decreasing the concentration of PFAS in biowaste sources (i.e., prevention through source control), mobilization of PFAS in contaminated soil and subsequent removal through leaching (i.e., soil washing) and plant uptake (i.e., phytoremediation), sorption of PFAS, thereby decreasing their mobility and bioavailability (i.e., immobilization), and complete removal through thermal and chemical oxidation (i.e., destruction). In this review, the distribution, bioavailability, and remediation of PFAS in soil receiving solid biowastes, which include biosolids, composts, and manure, are presented.

用于消防的水性成膜泡沫和生物废物，包括生物固体、动物和家禽粪便以及堆肥，是进入土壤的聚和全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的主要来源。大量的生物废物被添加到土壤中作为营养和碳的来源。它们还作为土壤改良剂添加，以改善土壤健康和作物生产力。植物通过生物废物的土壤应用吸收全氟和多氟烷基物质是动物和人类接触全氟和多氟烷基物质的途径。PFAS 混合物的复杂性及其化学和热稳定性使固体和水性基质中 PFAS 的修复具有挑战性。生物废物以及用这些生物废物处理过的土壤中的全氟和多氟烷基物质的修复可以通过预防和降低生物废物来源中全氟和多氟烷基物质的浓度来实现（即通过源头控制来预防），在受污染的土壤中动员 PFAS 并随后通过浸出（即土壤清洗）和植物吸收（即植物修复）、PFAS 的吸附进行去除，从而降低其流动性和生物利用度（即固定化），并通过热和化学氧化完全去除（即破坏）。在这篇综述中，介绍了 PFAS 在接受固体生物废物（包括生物固体、堆肥和粪便）的土壤中的分布、生物利用度和修复。