Nowadays, we are witnessing a massive deployment of connected objects via the Internet of Things (IoT) in numerous fields. IoT can lead to a highly effective and significant contribution to the agricultural sector’s improvement. Once these IoT sensors are placed beneath the surface for water content and salinity measurements, they will need to communicate with the mobile operator’s base stations. However, electromagnetic propagation through soil is very different from propagation through the air because of the soil’s permittivity and electrical conductivity. This study relates more precisely to low consumption and large-scale deployment purposes. The simulations will be carried out for unlicensed frequency bands to assess the theoretical approach studied. We also outline the recent IoT applications in agriculture, the various protocols, and energy harvesting techniques for IoT that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems.

如今，我们目睹了通过物联网（IoT）在许多领域中大规模部署连接对象。物联网可以为农业部门的改善做出高效而重要的贡献。一旦将这些物联网传感器放置在地面下以进行水含量和盐度测量，它们将需要与移动运营商的基站进行通信。但是，由于土壤的介电常数和电导率，其通过土壤的电磁传播与通过空气的传播非常不同。这项研究更精确地涉及低消耗和大规模部署的目的。将对无执照频段进行仿真，以评估所研究的理论方法。我们还概述了农业中最新的物联网应用，各种协议，