In contrast to cigarettes, electronic cigarette use (E-cigarettes) has grown substantially over the last decade. This is due to their promotion as both a safer alternative to cigarettes and as an aide to stop smoking. Critically, upon E-cigarette use, the user may be exposed to high doses of nicotine in addition to other compounds including flavouring chemicals, metal particulates and carbonyl compounds, particularly in highly vascularised tissues such as bone. However, there has been limited investigation into the impact of E-cigarette usage on bone physiology, particularly over extended time periods and there are no clinical recommendations regarding E-cigarette usage in relation to orthopaedic surgery. This literature review draws together data from studies that have investigated the impact of E-cigarette vapour and its major constituents on bone, detailing the models utilised and the relevant mechanistic and functional results. Currently there is a lack of studies both in vivo and in vitro that have utilised E-cigarette vapour, necessary to account for changes in chemical composition of E-cigarette liquids upon vaping. There is however evidence that human bone and bone cells express nicotine receptors and exposure of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts to nicotine, in high concentrations may reduce their viability and impair function. Similarly, it appears that aldehydes and flavouring chemicals may also negatively impact osteoblast viability and their ability to form bone. However, such functional findings are predominantly the result of studies utilising bone cell lines such as MG-63 or Saos-2 cells, with limited use of human osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Additionally, there is limited consideration for a possible impact on mesenchymal stem cells, which can also play an import role in bone repair. Understanding the function and mechanism of action of the various components of E-cigarette vapour in mediating human bone cell function, in addition to long term studies to determine the potential harm of chronic E-cigarette use on human bone will be important to inform users of potential risks, particularly regarding bone healing following orthopaedic surgery and injury.

中文翻译：

---

电子烟和蒸气成分对骨骼健康的影响

与香烟相比，电子香烟的使用（电子香烟）在过去十年中大幅增长。这是因为它们被宣传为更安全的香烟替代品和戒烟助手。至关重要的是，在使用电子烟时，使用者可能会接触到高剂量的尼古丁以及其他化合物，包括调味化学品、金属微粒和羰基化合物，特别是在骨骼等高度血管化的组织中。然而，关于电子烟的使用对骨骼生理学的影响的调查有限，特别是在延长的时间段内，并且没有关于电子烟的使用与骨科手术相关的临床建议。这篇文献综述汇集了调查电子烟蒸气及其主要成分对骨骼影响的研究数据，详细介绍了所使用的模型以及相关的机械和功能结果。目前，缺乏利用电子烟蒸汽的体内和体外研究，有必要考虑电子烟液体在吸食时的化学成分变化。然而，有证据表明人类骨骼和骨细胞表达尼古丁受体，成骨细胞和破骨细胞暴露于高浓度的尼古丁可能会降低其生存能力并损害功能。同样，醛类和调味化学品似乎也可能对成骨细胞的活力及其形成骨骼的能力产生负面影响。然而，这些功能性发现主要是利用骨细胞系（例如 MG-63 或 Saos-2 细胞）进行的研究的结果，对人类成骨细胞或破骨细胞的使用有限。此外，对间充质干细胞可能产生的影响的考虑有限，间充质干细胞也可以在骨修复中发挥重要作用。了解电子烟蒸气各种成分在介导人体骨细胞功能中的作用和机制，以及确定长期使用电子烟对人体骨骼的潜在危害的长期研究，对于告知使用者潜在风险，特别是在骨科手术和受伤后的骨愈合方面。对间充质干细胞可能产生的影响的考虑有限，间充质干细胞也可以在骨修复中发挥重要作用。了解电子烟蒸气各种成分在介导人体骨细胞功能中的作用和机制，以及确定长期使用电子烟对人体骨骼的潜在危害的长期研究，对于告知使用者潜在风险，特别是在骨科手术和受伤后的骨愈合方面。对间充质干细胞可能产生的影响的考虑有限，间充质干细胞也可以在骨修复中发挥重要作用。了解电子烟蒸气各种成分在介导人体骨细胞功能中的作用和机制，以及确定长期使用电子烟对人体骨骼的潜在危害的长期研究，对于告知使用者潜在风险，特别是在骨科手术和受伤后的骨愈合方面。