ABSTRACT

This paper studies the distribution of foreigners across counties of the province of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1872. The analysis stresses the historical importance of policies that fostered immigration in the nineteenth century by discussing the two main migratory strategies pursued in Brazil by the 1870s, namely the recruitment of foreign bonded labourers to the plantations and of settlers to rural colonies. The empirical approach studies the sorting of foreigners according to the economic, institutional, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the counties. Results show that the number of foreigners in 1872 was positively correlated with the ease of access to a region and with contemporaneous immigrant networks. The number of foreigners in 1872 also correlated negatively with the free, non-white, population, suggesting a degree of substitutability in local labour markets in a period before mass immigration to the region. Finally, the economic structure of the counties influenced the allocation of foreigners. Agricultural employment was associated with less immigrants, while manufacturing and trade-related activities were linked with a larger number of foreigners.

摘要

本文研究了 1872 年巴西圣保罗省各县的外国人分布情况。该分析通过讨论 1870 年代在巴西推行的两种主要移民战略，强调了 19 世纪促进移民政策的历史重要性，即向种植园招募外国债役工，向农村殖民地招募定居者。实证方法根据县的经济、制度、人口和地理特征研究外国人的分类。结果表明，1872 年外国人的数量与进入一个地区的难易程度和同时期的移民网络呈正相关。1872 年外国人的数量也与自由的非白人人口负相关，表明在大规模移民到该地区之前的一段时间内，当地劳动力市场具有一定程度的可替代性。最后，县域的经济结构影响了外国人的分配。农业就业与更少的移民有关，而制造业和贸易相关活动与更多的外国人有关。