Many fire models have been proposed to investigate structural response to fire, where fire is considered as a structural “load” and the structural response determines the “resistance” offered by the structure. Where the term “resistance” is used with its physical meaning and is not restrained by its standard application. Over the course of time, fire models have evolved from simply using the highest gas temperatures resulting from a fully developed compartment fire to more sophisticated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, where hyper-realistic time-varying structural temperatures can be determined for a range of realistic fire scenarios. This paper examines the current state of the art in terms of defining gas temperatures for structural fire analysis. Widely adopted fire models used in structural analysis are therefore reviewed. This paper discusses the limitations and scope of applicability of the most commonly used fire models. Recent developments on the coupling of CFD and FEM models are also discussed in detail and their applicability to practical fire scenarios is explored. The primary concern of this review is to evaluate the fire models for their suitability while using for structural fire assessment and not to review studies on the manner in which the actual structural assessment is done.

已经提出了许多火灾模型来研究结构对火灾的响应，其中火灾被视为结构“载荷”，而结构响应决定了结构提供的“阻力”。术语“电阻”与其物理含义一起使用，不受其标准应用的限制。随着时间的推移，火灾模型已经从简单地使用由完全发展的隔间火灾产生的最高气体温度发展为更复杂的计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模型，其中可以在一个范围内确定超现实的时变结构温度的现实火灾场景。本文在定义用于结构火灾分析的气体温度方面检查了当前的技术状态。因此，对结构分析中广泛采用的火灾模型进行了审查。本文讨论了最常用的火灾模型的局限性和适用范围。还详细讨论了 CFD 和 FEM 模型耦合的最新进展，并探讨了它们在实际火灾场景中的适用性。本次审查的主要关注点是评估火灾模型在用于结构火灾评估时的适用性，而不是审查关于进行实际结构评估的方式的研究。