Background

Epidemiological studies suggest that Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a developmental neurotoxicant, but the modifying effects of maternal nutrient status or neurotoxicant metal co-exposures have not been reported. Bisphenol-S (BPS) is being used as a BPA-alternative, but few epidemiological studies have evaluated its effects.

Objectives

To examine if prenatal maternal BPA or BPS exposure are associated with children’s neurodevelopment at two years of age while adjusting for effect-measure modification by sex, maternal nutrients, and co-exposure to neurotoxic metals.

Methods

Total BPA and BPS concentrations were analyzed in spot maternal urine from the second trimester; metals and maternal nutrient status were analyzed in blood. Child neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (Bayley-III) at age 2 (394 maternal-child pairs) and linear regression was used to investigate associations.

Results

Among nutrients and neurotoxic metals, selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) were the most significant predictors of Bayley-III scale scores. Higher maternal Cd was significantly correlated with poorer motor performance (p < 0.01), and higher levels of maternal Se were significantly associated with poorer performance on the cognitive, motor, and adaptive behavior scales (p < 0.05). While maternal Cd did not modify relationships between bisphenol exposures and Bayley-III scores, both maternal Se and child sex were significant effect-measure modifiers. Associations between BPA exposure and social emotional scores were negative for boys (p = 0.056) but positive for girls (p = 0.046). Higher exposure to bisphenols was associated with lower motor scores among children with lower levels of maternal Se.

Conclusion

Higher maternal Cd was associated with poorer motor development, but it was not an effect-measure modifier of bisphenols’ effects on motor development. Maternal Se may be protective against adverse effects of bisphenols, and additional nutrient-bisphenol interaction studies examining sex-specific effects of BPA and BPS on child development are warranted.

中文翻译：

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APrON 队列中产前双酚、母体营养素和有毒金属暴露对 2 岁儿童神经发育的相互作用

背景

流行病学研究表明，双酚 A (BPA) 是一种发育神经毒物，但尚未报告母体营养状况或神经毒物金属共同暴露的改变作用。双酚-S (BPS) 被用作 BPA 的替代品，但很少有流行病学研究评估其影响。

目标

检查产前母体 BPA 或 BPS 暴露是否与两岁时儿童的神经发育相关，同时根据性别、母体营养物质和神经毒性金属的共同暴露调整效应测量修改。

方法

在孕中期的现场母体尿液中分析了总 BPA 和 BPS 浓度；分析了血液中的金属和母体营养状况。使用贝利婴儿发育量表-III (Bayley-III) 在 2 岁时（394 对母婴）评估儿童神经发育，并使用线性回归研究关联。

结果

在营养素和神经毒性金属中，硒 (Se) 和镉 (Cd) 是 Bayley-III 量表评分的最重要预测因子。较高的母亲 Cd 与较差的运动表现显着相关 ( p  < 0.01)，而较高水平的母亲 Se 与较差的认知、运动和适应性行为量表的表现显着相关 (p < 0.05)。虽然母亲 Cd 没有改变双酚暴露与 Bayley-III 评分之间的关​​系，但母亲 Se 和儿童性别都是显着的影响测量修饰符。BPA 暴露与社会情绪评分之间的关​​联对男孩来说是负的 ( p  = 0.056)，但对女孩来说是正的 ( p = 0.046）。在母体硒水平较低的儿童中，较高的双酚暴露与较低的运动评分相关。

结论

较高的母体 Cd 与较差的运动发育有关，但它不是双酚对运动发育影响的效果测量修饰符。母体硒可能对双酚类的不利影响具有保护作用，因此有必要进行额外的营养素-双酚相互作用研究，以检查 BPA 和 BPS 对儿童发育的性别特异性影响。