Boreal forests produce multiple ecosystem services for the society. Their trade-offs determine whether they should be produced simultaneously or whether it is preferable to assign separate areas to different ecosystem services. We use simulation and optimization to analyse the correlations, trade-offs and production levels of several ecosystem services in single- and multi-objective forestry over 100 years in a boreal forest landscape. The case study area covers 3600 ha of boreal forest, consisting of 3365 stands. The ecosystem services and their indicators (in parentheses) considered are carbon sequestration (forestry carbon balance), biodiversity (amount of deadwood and broadleaf volume), economic profitability of forestry (net present value of timber production) and timber supply to forest industry (volume of harvested timber). The treatment alternatives simulated for each of the stands include both even-aged rotation forestry (thinning from above with clear cut) and continuous cover forestry regimes (thinning from above with no clear cut). First, we develop 200 Pareto optimal plans by maximizing multi-attribute utility functions using random weights for the ecosystem service indicators. Second, we compare the average level of ecosystem services in single- and multi-objective forestry. Based on our findings, forestry carbon balance and the amount of deadwood correlate positively with each other, and both of them correlate negatively with harvested timber volume and economic profitability of forestry. Despite this, the simultaneous maximization of multiple objectives increased the overall production levels of several ecosystem services, which suggests that the management of boreal forests should be multi-objective to sustain the simultaneous provision of timber and other ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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多目标林业增加了生态系统服务的生产

北方森林为社会提供多种生态系统服务。它们的权衡决定了是否应同时生产它们，还是将单独的区域分配给不同的生态系统服务是否更可取。我们使用模拟和优化来分析北方森林景观中超过100年的单目标和多目标林业中几种生态系统服务的相关性，权衡和生产水平。案例研究区域覆盖了3600公顷的北方森林，包括3365个林分。所考虑的生态系统服务及其指标（用括号括起来）是碳固存（林业碳平衡），生物多样性（阔叶材和阔叶材的数量），林业的经济效益（木材生产的净现值）和对林业的木材供应（量）采伐的木材）。为每个林分模拟的处理替代方案包括均匀年龄的轮伐林（从上面稀疏，有明显的砍伐）和连续的覆盖林制度（从上面稀疏，没有明显的砍伐）。首先，通过使用生态系统服务指标的随机权重最大化多属性效用函数，我们制定了200个帕累托最优计划。其次，我们比较了单目标和多目标林业中生态系统服务的平均水平。根据我们的发现，林业碳平衡和枯木量彼此呈正相关，而两者与木材采伐量和林业经济效益均呈负相关。尽管如此，同时实现多个目标的最大化也提高了几种生态系统服务的整体生产水平，