Poor subsoil properties are difficult to ameliorate and detrimental to soil fertility and crop yield. The effects of loosening (L) and loosening + straw (LS) ∼60 Mg ha^–1 into the subsoil (25–40 cm depth) on crop yield, water flow, and the nitrogen (N) balance components under bare soil conditions and a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop were investigated in an about 21-mo lysimeter study and compared with a control treatment. Undisturbed soil columns (n = 12) were excavated from an agricultural field in May 2016, installed at a lysimeter station, and exposed to outdoor climatic conditions in Uppsala, Sweden, in August 2016. Spring barley (‘Makof’) was grown between June and September 2017. Total N leaching loads over the 21 mo were high (74–193 kg ha^–1). The LS treatment reduced the N load by 49% (P = .01) and 62% (P = .001) compared with the L and control treatments, respectively. Loosening reduced N load by 25% (P < .07) compared with the control. Emissions of N₂O were low (0.04–0.07 kg N ha^–1), and no differences were observed between treatments. Leaf relative chlorophyll content was lower in the LS treatment than in the L and control treatments (P < .05). Yield was also lowest in the LS treatment (5.8 Mg ha^–1) and was 7 and 8.5% lower than in the control and L treatments (P > .05), respectively. These results suggest that LS can reduce N leaching. The overall effects of LS on crop performance and N removal and leaching should be further scrutinized in long-term field studies.

中文翻译：

---

松散和向底土中添加秸秆对作物性能和氮浸出的影响：蒸渗仪研究

劣质的底土性质难以改善，并且不利于土壤肥力和作物产量。松土 (L) 和松土 + 秸秆 (LS) ∼60 Mg ha ^–1到底土（25-40 cm 深度）对作物产量、水流和裸土条件下氮 (N) 平衡成分的影响和在大约 21 个月的蒸渗仪研究中对大麦 ( Hordeum vulgare L.) 作物进行了研究，并与对照处理进行了比较。 2016 年 5 月从农田中挖掘出未受干扰的土柱 ( n = 12)，安装在蒸渗仪站，并于 2016 年 8 月暴露​​在瑞典乌普萨拉的室外气候条件下。春大麦 ('Makof') 于 6 月和 2017 年 9 月。 21 个月的总氮浸出负荷很高（74-193 kg ha^–1 )。与 L 和对照处理相比，LS 处理分别降低了 49% ( P  = .01) 和 62% ( P  = .001)的氮负荷。与对照相比，放松使氮负荷降低了 25% ( P  < .07)。N ₂ O 的排放量很低（0.04–0.07 kg N ha ^–1），并且在处理之间没有观察到差异。LS 处理的叶片相对叶绿素含量低于 L 和对照处理 ( P <  .05)。LS 处理的产量也最低 (5.8 Mg ha ^–1 )，比对照和 L 处理低 7% 和 8.5% ( P > .05），分别。这些结果表明 LS 可以减少 N 浸出。LS 对作物生长性能和 N 去除和浸出的整体影响应在长期田间研究中进一步审查。