ABSTRACT

This article investigates the impacts of conflict, resolution, and post-conflict democracy on gender bias. Exploring this question poses two methodological concerns. The first regards selection bias in which countries experience conflict and its resolution. The study addresses this issue using a generalization of the Heckman procedure. The second is that post-conflict democracy is likely endogenous to the level of pre-conflict democracy. This issue is addressed using two-stage least squares. Results show that conflict unambiguously worsens gender outcomes with respect to secondary school enrollment, labor force participation, fertility, and parliamentary representation. However, it does not affect the gap in life expectancy. Conflict resolution improves gender outcomes significantly, but not always by a magnitude that restores pre-conflict levels of equality. Greater post-conflict democratization improves parliamentary representation of women and the gender gaps in life expectancy and secondary school enrollment. However, it worsens the gap in labor force participation.

HIGHLIGHTS

• The study corrects selection bias in conflict and its resolution with a three-step procedure.

• It instruments for post-conflict democratization using legal origin and geography.

• Conflict worsens gender inequities in education, the labor force, and representation.

• Conflict resolution mitigates most conflict-induced inequities, but not fully.

• Democratization further improves equity in representation and schooling.

摘要

本文调查了冲突、解决方案和冲突后民主对性别偏见的影响。探索这个问题提出了两个方法论问题。第一个是国家经历冲突的选择偏见及其解决方案。该研究使用 Heckman 程序的概括来解决这个问题。第二，冲突后民主可能是冲突前民主水平的内生性因素。此问题已使用两阶段最小二乘法解决。结果表明，在中学入学率、劳动力参与、生育率和议会代表权方面，冲突无疑会恶化性别结果。但是，这并不影响预期寿命的差距。冲突解决显着改善了性别结果，但并不总是达到恢复冲突前平等水平的程度。更大的冲突后民主化提高了妇女在议会中的代表性以及预期寿命和中学入学率方面的性别差距。然而，它加剧了劳动力参与的差距。

强调

• 该研究通过三步程序纠正冲突中的选择偏差及其解决方案。

• 它利用法律渊源和地理来促进冲突后民主化。

• 冲突加剧了教育、劳动力和代表方面的性别不平等。

• 解决冲突可以缓解大多数冲突引起的不平等，但不能完全缓解。

• 民主化进一步提高了代表权和学校教育的公平性。