Invasive alien species are a serious threat to freshwater ecosystems and overall biodiversity. Although invasive alien species management in the form of environmental governance has often been practiced under an adaptive governance scheme, prevailing theoretical and practical difficulties must be solved to enhance policy effectiveness and outcomes. Our objective was to clarify how it is possible to make adaptive governance work in biodiversity conservation, especially invasive alien species management in freshwater ecosystems. To fulfill this objective, we investigated two analytical concepts—invasion management and adaptive governance—and studied a case of invasive alien aquatic plant management in Lake Biwa, Japan. The conclusion of our analysis and the lessons learned can be summarized as the following three points: First, whether learning processes are properly equipped by local environmental governance is critical for adaptive governance. We provide insights into three aspects of learning: the system where scientific knowledge is produced and shared for policy preparation, implementation, and evaluation; where social learning and processes that support social learning occur; and where a process of organizational learning occurs. Second, we discuss the role and function of government in adaptive governance, which indicates that interactive governance is possible even when a government initiates a governing process, and that an interactive governing structure would be fundamental for addressing social-ecological complexities and uncertainties. Third, the transition from symptomatic treatments toward precautionary actions for invasive alien species, which is essential for policy effectiveness and outcomes, can be fostered by an interactive governing structure. In addition, organizational learning can induce the transition, through which the competency trap caused by conformity bias in invasive alien species management could be avoided.

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使适应性治理在生物多样性保护中发挥作用：日本琵琶湖的外来入侵水生植物管理课程

外来入侵物种是对淡水生态系统和整体生物多样性的严重威胁。尽管通常在适应性治理方案下采用环境治理形式的外来入侵物种管理，但必须解决普遍存在的理论和实践难题，以提高政策效力和成果。我们的目标是阐明如何使适应性治理在生物多样性保护，特别是淡水生态系统中的外来入侵物种管理中发挥作用。为了实现这一目标，我们研究了两种分析概念（入侵管理和适应性治理），并研究了日本琵琶湖入侵外来水生植物管理的案例。我们的分析结论和经验教训可以概括为以下三点：第一，学习过程是否由当地环境治理适当地装备，对于适应性治理至关重要。我们对学习的三个方面提供了见解：生产和共享科学知识以进行政策准备，实施和评估的系统；社会学习和支持社会学习的过程发生的地方；以及组织学习过程发生的地方。其次，我们讨论了政府在适应性治理中的角色和功能，这表明即使政府启动治理程序，交互式治理也是可能的，而交互式治理结构将是解决社会生态复杂性和不确定性的基础。第三，从对症处理到外来入侵物种的预防措施的转变，互动的治理结构可以促进对政策有效性和结果至关重要的行为。此外，组织学习可以诱导这种转变，从而可以避免因外来入侵物种管理中的合格性偏见引起的能力陷阱。