Five pigeons were trained in a series of conditions in which food was delivered after 25 responses, but only when a different (Investing) response had been made before the 25 responses had been completed. If an Investing response was not made, the 25 responses ended in blackout. In various conditions, effective Investing responses either had to be made before the first of the 25 responses, or anywhere within the 25 responses; and effective Investing responses either resulted in a stimulus change or did not. Pigeons Invested even when the consequences were temporally and spatially distant, but Investing was most likely when it produced an immediate stimulus change. When given the choice, pigeons preferred to make Investing responses at the beginning of a trial. These findings again demonstrate that behavior may be maintained by events that are separated in time and space from the present.

中文翻译：

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鸽子更愿意为未来的强化物早期投资

五只鸽子接受了一系列条件的训练，在这些条件下，食物在 25 次响应后交付，但仅当在 25 次响应完成之前做出不同的（投资）响应时。如果未做出投资响应，则 25 个响应以停电结束。在各种情况下，必须在 25 个响应中的第一个响应之前或 25 个响应中的任何位置做出有效的投资响应；有效的投资反应要么导致刺激变化，要么没有。即使结果在时间和空间上都很遥远，鸽子也会进行投资，但最有可能是投资产生即时刺激变化。当有选择时，鸽子更喜欢在试验开始时做出投资反应。