Chemical pollution is one of the major threats to global freshwater biodiversity and will be exacerbated through changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, acid–base chemistry, and reduced freshwater availability due to climate change. In this review we show how physico-chemical features of natural fresh waters, including pH, temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, divalent cations, anions, carbonate alkalinity, salinity and dissolved organic matter, can affect the environmental risk to aquatic wildlife of pollutant chemicals. We evidence how these features of freshwater physico-chemistry directly and/or indirectly affect the solubility, speciation, bioavailability and uptake of chemicals [including via alterations in the trans-epithelial electric potential (TEP) across the gills or skin] as well as the internal physiology/biochemistry of the organisms, and hence ultimately toxicity. We also show how toxicity can vary with species and ontogeny. We use a new database of global freshwater chemistry (GLORICH) to demonstrate the huge variability (often >1000-fold) for these physico-chemical variables in natural fresh waters, and hence their importance to ecotoxicology. We emphasise that a better understanding of chemical toxicity and more accurate environmental risk assessment requires greater consideration of the natural water physico-chemistry in which the organisms we seek to protect live.

中文翻译：

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淡水物理化学的全球变化及其对水生野生动物化学毒性的影响

化学污染是全球淡水生物多样性的主要威胁之一，并且会因温度和降雨模式的变化、酸碱化学以及气候变化导致的淡水供应减少而加剧。在这篇综述中，我们展示了天然淡水的物理化学特征，包括 pH、温度、氧气、二氧化碳、二价阳离子、阴离子、碳酸盐碱度、盐度和溶解有机物，如何影响污染物化学物质对水生野生动物的环境风险. 我们证明了淡水物理化学的这些特征如何直接和/或间接影响化学物质的溶解度、物种形成、生物利用度和吸收[包括通过跨鳃或皮肤的跨上皮电势 (TEP) 的改变] 以及生物体的内部生理学/生物化学，并因此最终产生毒性。我们还展示了毒性如何随物种和个体发育而变化。我们使用一个新的全球淡水化学数据库 (GLORICH) 来证明天然淡水中这些物理化学变量的巨大可变性（通常 >1000 倍），因此它们对生态毒理学的重要性。我们强调，为了更好地了解化学毒性和更准确的环境风险评估，需要更多地考虑我们寻求保护的有机体生活在其中的天然水物理化学。