A key factor in the resilience of water and forest ecosystems in the face of climate variability is the management decisions taken by the individuals responsible for them, from public officials to private owners. The presence of economic and other non-material incentives can modify the decision-making processes of these individuals and thereby avoid current socioeconomic trends in Mediterranean forested areas such as land abandonment and its detrimental consequences for both social and ecological systems. In this article, we created a spatially explicit agent-based model to observe the effects of the implementation of a woodland-for-water payment for ecosystem services scheme in a local area in Catalonia (NE Spain). The results of the model show that the policy design that supports recurrent management practices obtains the same results at the 25-year mark that other policy designs at the end of the modeled period in number of managed hectares. This design entails the presence of a local intermediary, financial coverage of the management changes to improve water conditions, and the targeting of only one environmental goal, thereby avoiding the ecosystem trade-offs that can arise when two or more goals are targeted. In this design, the first generation of forest owners engaging in behavior change would benefit from their actions, which is also key for maintaining their engagement with the payments for ecosystem services scheme.

中文翻译：

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结构性因素和基于主体的因素如何影响激励政策的有效性？基于空间显式主体的模型，可在地方一级优化林地换水的生态系统服务政策设计

面对气候多变性，水和森林生态系统的复原力的关键因素是负责它们的个人（从政府官员到私人所有人）做出的管理决策。经济和其他非物质激励措施的存在可以改变这些人的决策过程，从而避免地中海森林地区当前的社会经济趋势，例如土地遗弃及其对社会和生态系统的不利影响。在本文中，我们创建了一个基于空间显式主体的模型，以观察在加泰罗尼亚（西班牙东北部）的局部地区实施林地换水为生态系统服务计划的效果。该模型的结果表明，支持循环管理实践的策略设计在25年的标杆上获得的结果与建模周期结束时其他策略设计的受管理公顷数相同。这种设计需要当地中介机构的参与，管理层为改善水质状况而进行的财务变更以及仅针对一个环境目标的目标，从而避免了针对两个或多个目标时可能出现的生态系统权衡。在这种设计中，从事行为改变的第一代森林所有者将从他们的行为中受益，这对于保持其参与生态系统服务付费计划的参与也是至关重要的。这种设计需要当地中介机构的参与，管理层为改善水质状况而进行的财务变更以及仅针对一个环境目标的目标，从而避免了针对两个或多个目标时可能出现的生态系统权衡。在这种设计中，从事行为改变的第一代森林所有者将从他们的行为中受益，这对于保持其参与生态系统服务付费计划的参与也是至关重要的。这种设计需要当地中介机构的参与，管理层为改善水质状况而进行的财务变更以及仅针对一个环境目标的目标，从而避免了针对两个或多个目标时可能出现的生态系统权衡。在这种设计中，从事行为改变的第一代森林所有者将从他们的行为中受益，这对于保持其参与生态系统服务付费计划的参与也是至关重要的。