Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (hereafter, omega-3), including eicosapentaenoic-acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic-acid (DHA), are essential nutritional compounds for humans, providing several benefits related to cardiovascular and neural health. Human intake of omega-3 occurs mostly via seafood, particularly fish. The primary source of omega-3 in aquatic systems is represented by primary producers, from which omega-3 are transferred throughout the food web. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for primary producers and can be supplied to surface waters as nitrate upwelled from below, or as ammonium and other regenerated nitrogen forms recycled in situ. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are the most productive marine systems on Earth, together covering only 2% of the ocean’s surface area but supporting 25% of the global fish catch, thereby providing food for humans. In EBUS, nitrate and other nutrients are advected to the surface to support the proliferation of a phytoplankton community dominated by known omega-3 producers (i.e., diatoms). Given current climate change-related projections of ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and increased upwelling intensity, phytoplankton community composition in EBUS may change. Additionally, the global production of EPA+DHA is expected to decrease by up to 30%, rendering its supply for human consumption insufficient by 2050. Here we discuss the state of knowledge related to omega-3 transfer from phytoplankton to small pelagic fish in EBUS, including factors that can influence omega-3 production, links to nitrogen cycling, climate change implications for the omega-3 supply to humans, and suggestions for future research directions to improve our understanding of omega-3 in the ocean.

中文翻译：

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上升流系统中的Omega-3途径：与氮供应的联系

包括二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）在内的Omega-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸（以下称为omega-3）是人体必需的营养化合物，具有与心血管和神经健康相关的多种益处。人类摄入的omega-3主要是通过海鲜，尤其是鱼类来摄取的。水生系统中omega-3的主要来源以初级生产者为代表，omega-3的来源主要通过整个食物网转移。氮是初级生产者必不可少的营养素，可以作为硝酸盐从下方向上涌入，也可以铵盐和其他再生氮的形式就地循环利用，从而提供给地表水。东部边界上升流系统（EBUS）是地球上生产力最高的海洋系统，总共仅覆盖了2％的海洋表面积，但支持了25％的全球鱼类捕获量，从而为人类提供食物。在EBUS中，硝酸盐和其他营养物质被平流到地表，以支持由已知的omega-3生产者（即硅藻）主导的浮游植物群落的增殖。根据当前与气候变化有关的海洋变暖，酸化，脱氧和上升流强度增加的预测，EBUS中的浮游植物群落组成可能会发生变化。此外，预计EPA + DHA的全球产量将减少多达30％，到2050年其对人类消费的供应将不足。在这里，我们讨论与EBUS中从浮游植物到小型浮游鱼类的omega-3转移有关的知识状态。 ，包括可能影响omega-3产量的因素，与氮循环相关的因素，气候变化对人类omega-3供应的影响，