This article provides evidence of the immediate impacts of the first months of the COVID-19 crisis on farming communities in central Myanmar using baseline data from January 2020 and follow-up phone survey data from June 2020 with 1,072 women and men. Heterogeneous effects among households are observed. Fifty-one percent of the sample households experienced income loss from various livelihood activities, and landless households were more severely affected by the crisis, mainly because of lost farm and nonfarm employment and negative impacts on rural enterprises. Women and men in these landless households were equally engaged and affected by lower wages or more difficulties in finding farm work; fewer women were engaged in nonfarm work, but almost all of them lost such nonfarm wage employment. Women in landless households are also particularly vulnerable in terms of worsened workload and increased tension in the household during COVID-19. Landed households were also affected through lower prices, lower demand for crops, and difficulties in input access. Women and men differ in levels of stress, fear, and pessimism regarding the effects of COVID-19. In most households, there were no signs that household task-sharing and work balance improved, and no clear shift in intrahousehold relations was observed.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 对缅甸中部女性和男性农民的直接影响：基于电话的家庭调查证据


本文使用 2020 年 1 月的基线数据和 2020 年 6 月对 1,072 名女性和男性进行的后续电话调查数据，提供了 COVID-19 危机头几个月对缅甸中部农业社区产生的直接影响的证据。观察到家庭之间的异质效应。 51%的样本家庭因各种生计活动而遭受收入损失，无地家庭受危机影响更为严重，主要是因为农业和非农就业的减少以及对乡村企业的负面影响。这些无地家庭中的妇女和男子同样受到工资较低或寻找农活更加困难的影响；从事非农工作的妇女人数较少，但几乎所有人都失去了此类非农工资就业。在新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 疫情期间，无地家庭中的妇女也特别容易因为工作负担加重和家庭紧张局势加剧而受到影响。有土地的家庭也受到价格下跌、农作物需求减少以及投入品获取困难的影响。对于 COVID-19 的影响，女性和男性的压力、恐惧和悲观程度有所不同。在大多数家庭中，没有迹象表明家庭任务分担和工作平衡有所改善，也没有观察到家庭内部关系的明显变化。