Knowledge of how science is consumed in public domains is essential for a deeper understanding of the role of science in human society. While science is heavily supported by public funding, common depictions suggest that scientific research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This paper introduces a measurement framework to examine public good features of science, allowing us to study public uses of science, the public funding of science, and how use and funding relate. Specifically, we integrate five large-scale datasets that link scientific publications from all scientific fields to their upstream funding support and downstream public uses across three public domains - government documents, the news media, and marketplace invention. We find that the public uses of science are extremely diverse, with different public domains drawing distinctively across scientific fields. Yet amidst these differences, we find key forms of alignment in the interface between science and society. First, despite concerns that the public does not engage high-quality science, we find universal alignment, in each scientific field and public domain, between what the public consumes and what is highly impactful within science. Second, despite myriad factors underpinning the public funding of science, the resulting allocation across fields presents a striking alignment with the field's collective public use. Overall, public uses of science present a rich landscape of specialized consumption, yet collectively science and society interface with remarkable, quantifiable alignment between scientific use, public use, and funding.

中文翻译：

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科学作为公共物品：科学的公共使用和资助

对于深入了解科学在人类社会中的作用而言，了解如何在公共领域消费科学至关重要。尽管科学得到了公共资金的大力支持，但普遍的描述表明，科学研究仍然是一项孤立的或“象牙塔”活动，与公共用途的联系较弱，研究质量与其公共用途之间的联系很少，并且资金之间的对应关系很少科学及其公共用途。本文介绍了一种衡量框架，以检查科学的公共利益特征，使我们能够研究科学的公共用途，科学的公共资助以及使用和资助之间的关系。具体来说，我们整合了五个大型数据集，这些数据集将来自各个科学领域的科学出版物与其上游资金支持和跨三个公共领域（政府文档，新闻媒体和市场发明）的下游公共用途联系起来。我们发现，科学的公共用途极为多样化，不同的公共领域在科学领域中具有独特的吸引力。然而，在这些差异之中，我们发现了科学与社会之间联系的关键形式。首先，尽管担心公众不参与高质量的科学，但我们发现在每个科学领域和公共领域中，公众在科学领域中消费的东西与具有重大影响力的东西之间具有普遍的一致性。第二，尽管有无数因素支撑着科学的公共资助，由此产生的跨领域分配与该领域的集体公共用途形成了鲜明的契合。总体而言，科学的公共用途呈现出丰富的专业消费前景，但科学与社会的集体交往却在科学用途，公共用途和资金之间实现了显着的，可量化的统一。