ABSTRACT

Frequently, peace settlements mark moments of systemic change in international politics. The object of this article is to examine how far these three major European peace settlements of the modern period – 1814–15, 1918–20 and 1945-55 – represented the contemporary political and diplomatic responses to the urgent needs that the end of a general war inevitably brings. It argues that, with the exception of the Vienna settlement, often the urgency of the situation at the end of the war was itself the consequence of underlying conditions which were so profound as to be immutable at any particular moment and immune from any short-term political interventions. Too much should never be expected of formal peace settlements.

摘要

通常，和平解决方案标志着国际政治系统性变化的时刻。本文的目的是研究现代欧洲这三个主要的和平解决方案（1814-15年，1918-20年和1945-55年）在多大程度上代表了当代对政治和外交对普遍需求的迫切需求的回应。战争不可避免地带来。它认为，除了维也纳定居点以外，战争结束时局势的紧迫性本身往往是潜在条件的后果，这种潜在条件如此深远，以至于在任何特定时刻都是不变的，并且不受任何短期影响的影响。政治干预。正式和平解决决不能指望太多。