Smoke and heat as germination cues are some of the most important drivers stimulating seed germination. However, the impact of germination factors from wildfire (i.e., smoke and heat) on the germination of species occurring in western Asia has rarely been investigated. We aimed to analyze the effects of different smoke and heat treatments on seed germination of three perennial grasses (Festuca valesiaca, Poa densa, and Stipa zalesskii) collected from two non-burned and burned environments of the mountain steppes in Golestan National Park, Iran. Seeds were germinated on filter paper following smoke (1:2000, 1:1000, and 1:500, v/v) or heat (50, 80, 100°C) treatments. Results showed that the germination of study species was reduced by heat treatments, whereas no particular response was observed with the smoke treatments.

Interestingly, the fire history influenced magnitude of effects of fire-related germination cues, leading to slightly lower germination for F. valesiaca and P. densa and higher germination for S. zalesskii. Our results indicate that fire-related germination cues have different impacts on these grassland species. The consideration of the fire history of specific sites on germination ecology seems important to understand the effects of fire on the plant communities.

烟和热作为发芽线索是刺激种子发芽的最重要的驱动因素。但是，很少研究野火发芽因素（即烟和热）对西亚发芽物种的发芽的影响。我们旨在分析不同烟熏和热处理对三种多年生禾草（Festuca valesiaca，Poa densa和Stipa zalesskii）种子萌发的影响。）是从伊朗Golestan国家公园的两个高山草原的非焚烧和焚烧环境中收集的。经过烟熏（1：2000、1：1000和1：500，v / v）或加热（50、80、100°C）处理后，种子在滤纸上发芽。结果表明，热处理降低了研究物种的发芽率，而烟熏处理未观察到特别的反应。

有趣的是，火灾历史影响了与火有关的萌发线索的影响程度，导致瓦氏镰刀菌和假单胞菌的发芽率略低，而扎莱斯基葡萄的发芽率更高。我们的结果表明，与火有关的萌发线索对这些草地物种有不同的影响。考虑发芽生态中特定部位着火的历史，对于理解火对植物群落的影响似乎很重要。