The present research proposed a theoretical distinction among various stereotypes that we predicted would moderate their malleability in implicit person perception: the extent to which the stereotypes can be learned and validated with minimal or no indirect inference (i.e., their observability). We hypothesized that observable stereotypes would be less malleable than unobservable stereotypes in implicit person perception in the presence of counterstereotypic individuating information. This main hypothesis was tested in four studies, as were two alternative hypotheses that all implicit stereotype-relevant evaluations would show evidence of fast-learning, and that all such evaluations would provide support for slow-learning. Studies 1 and 2 tested these predictions in the domain of an observable (Study 1) and an unobservable (Study 2) racial stereotype, and Studies 3 and 4 in the domain of an observable (Study 3) and an unobservable (Study 4) gender stereotype. Considered as an aggregate, Studies 1 and 2 provided strong support for the hypothesis that the observability of an implicit stereotype would moderate its malleability. Studies 3 and 4 showed only limited support for this hypothesis. However, when all four studies were considered together, the hypothesis was supported. The finding that observable stereotypes in implicit person perception are less malleable than unobservable stereotypes is discussed in the context of current debates regarding the processes underlying implicit and explicit social cognition.

中文翻译：

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在内隐人的感知中，不可观察的刻板印象比可观察的刻板印象更具延展性

目前的研究提出了我们预测的各种刻板印象之间的理论区别，我们预测这些刻板印象会减轻它们在内隐人的感知中的可塑性：可以通过最少或没有间接推理（即，它们的可观察性）学习和验证刻板印象的程度）。我们假设，在存在反刻板印象的个性化信息的情况下，可观察到的刻板印象比内隐人的感知中不可观察的刻板印象更具延展性。这个主要假设在四项研究中得到了检验，还有两个替代假设，即所有内隐刻板印象相关的评估都会显示出快速学习的证据，并且所有这些评估都会为慢速学习提供支持。研究 1 和 2 在可观察（研究 1）和不可观察（研究 2）种族刻板印象领域中测试了这些预测，而研究 3 和 4 在可观察（研究 3）和不可观察（研究 4）性别领域中测试了这些预测刻板印象。综合考虑，研究 1 和 2 为隐式刻板印象的可观察性会降低其延展性的假设提供了强有力的支持。研究 3 和 4 仅显示对这一假设的有限支持。然而，当将所有四项研究放在一起考虑时，该假设得到了支持。在当前关于内隐和外显社会认知背后的过程的辩论的背景下，讨论了内隐人感知中可观察到的刻板印象比不可观察的刻板印象更具延展性的发现。