The application of exhaust air heat pumps as an energy efficient heating technology to cover the heating and ventilation demand of highly efficient residential buildings is becoming popular. Available studies on exhaust air heat pumps tend mostly to focus only on comparing different technologies in efficient buildings. Most of the existing studies ignore the usual presence of the electrical heaters as backup. Moreover, the impact of varying boundary conditions on the heat pump's performance is often not considered in depth. In this sense, there is still a need for discussion on the influence of different buildings' standards and control strategies on heating performance. The present paper aims to consider the energy efficiency of exhaust air heat pumps under different operating conditions. In this study, the results of a long-term field monitoring are utilized to model the dynamic behavior of an exhaust air heat pump in MATLAB/Simulink using black box modeling approach. The impact of different boundary conditions such as outdoor and exhaust air conditions on the heat pump's efficiency is studied and additionally compared to other studies. Moreover, a physical approach to model the defrosting process of the evaporator was developed and integrated into the black-box model; to use annual simulations of ventilation-based heating systems in three different building standards. Finally, the influence of five different control strategies on system performance is investigated. The core findings of this study reveal that: (1) Due to the limited exhaust air volume flow rate the impact of the exhaust air moisture content with its condensation enthalpy on the HP performance is significant. (2) In designing ventilation-based heating systems with exhaust air heat pumps due to their limited power (e.g. 6 Wh/m³ at A-2), the control strategy of backup electrical heaters must be selected carefully. (3) Conventional heating control methods such as Nighttime Temperature Reduction (NTR) following a reference room are hardly suitable in ventilation-based heating systems. (4) However, employing the deployed control strategy, the electrical energy consumption of the system could be reduced up to 40% compared to the conventional heating control methods.

排气热泵作为一种能效高的供暖技术来满足高效住宅建筑的供暖和通风需求正变得越来越普遍。有关排气热泵的现有研究大多倾向于仅将重点放在比较高效建筑中的不同技术上。现有的大多数研究都忽略了电加热器通常作为备用设备的情况。此外，经常没有深入考虑边界条件的变化对热泵性能的影响。从这个意义上讲，仍然需要讨论不同建筑物的标准和控制策略对供暖性能的影响。本文旨在考虑不同运行条件下排气热泵的能源效率。在这项研究中，长期现场监测的结果被用于使用黑盒建模方法在MATLAB / Simulink中对排气热泵的动态行为进行建模。研究了不同边界条件（例如室外和排气条件）对热泵效率的影响，并与其他研究进行了比较。此外，有一种物理方法可以模拟除霜过程的除霜过程。开发了蒸发器并将其集成到黑匣子模型中；在三种不同的建筑标准中使用基于通风的供暖系统的年度模拟。最后，研究了五种不同控制策略对系统性能的影响。这项研究的核心发现表明：（1）由于排气量流速的限制，排气中的水分及其冷凝焓对HP性能的影响是显着的。（2）在设计带有排气热泵的基于通风的加热系统时，由于其功率有限（例如，在A-2处为6 Wh /m³），必须仔细选择备用电加热器的控制策略。（3）传统的加热控制方法，例如参考室后的夜间降温（NTR），几乎不适用于基于通风的加热系统。