Background Under opt-out organ donation policies, individuals are automatically considered to have agreed to donate their organs in the absence of a recorded opt-out decision. Growing evidence suggests that the language used within organ donation campaigns influences donor intentions and decision-making. Purpose As awareness campaigns to promote opt-out consent in the UK are ongoing, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of language and message framing used in opt-out organ donation campaigns on donor intentions and psychological reactance. Methods Individuals from Scotland and England (N = 1,350) completed this online experiment. Participants were randomized to view one of four messages, designed in the format of a newspaper article, which described the upcoming opt-out system. This followed a 2 × 2 design whereby the degree of threatening language (high threat vs. low threat) and message framing (loss vs. gain) of the newspaper article was experimentally manipulated. Measures of intention (pre-exposure and postexposure) and postmessage reactance (threat to freedom and anger and counter-arguing) were obtained. Results A mixed analysis of variance revealed a significant Group × Time interaction on donor intentions; post hoc analysis revealed that intentions significantly decreased for individuals exposed to the High threat × Loss frame article but significantly increased for those exposed to the High threat × Gain frame article. Conclusions In campaigns to promote opt-out legislation, high-threat language combined with loss-frame messages should be avoided. If high-threat language is used, gain-frame messaging that highlights the benefits of organ donation should also be incorporated.

中文翻译：

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调查选择退出器官捐赠活动中威胁性语言、信息框架和反应的影响

背景 根据选择退出器官捐赠政策，在没有记录选择退出决定的情况下，个人被自动视为已同意捐赠其器官。越来越多的证据表明，器官捐赠活动中使用的语言会影响捐赠者的意图和决策。目的随着英国正在进行的促进选择退出同意的宣传活动，本研究的目的是调查选择退出器官捐赠活动中使用的语言和信息框架对捐赠者意图和心理反应的影响。方法 来自苏格兰和英格兰的个人 (N = 1,350) 完成了这项在线实验。参与者被随机查看以报纸文章格式设计的四条消息之一，其中描述了即将推出的退出系统。这遵循 2 × 2 设计，通过实验操纵报纸文章的威胁语言（高威胁与低威胁）和信息框架（损失与获得）的程度。获得了意图（暴露前和暴露后）和消息后反应（对自由和愤怒的威胁和反驳）的测量。结果 混合方差分析揭示了捐赠者意向的显着组×时间交互作用；事后分析显示，暴露于高威胁×损失框架文章的个人的意图显着降低，但暴露于高威胁×增益框架文章的人的意图显着增加。结论 在促进选择退出立法的运动中，应避免使用高威胁语言和丢失框架消息。如果使用高威胁语言，