Capsular fibrosis (CF) is the most common long-term complication in implant-based breast augmentation. It is well accepted that the foreign body response (FBR) instigates the development of fibrotic disease. Our study aims to compare murine and human samples of CF and describe the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Miniature microtextured silicone breast implants were implanted in mice and subsequently harvested at days 15, 30, and 90 post-operation. Isolated human capsules with the most aggravated form of CF (Baker IV) were harvested post-operation. Both were analyzed with SEM and TEM to assess cellular infiltration and ECM structure. An architectural shift of collagen fiber arrangement from unidirectional to multidirectional was observed at day 90 when compared to days 15 and 30. Fibrosis was observed with an increase of histiocytic infiltration. Moreover, bacterial accumulation was seen around silicone fragments. These findings were common in both murine and human capsules. This murine model accurately recapitulates CF found in humans and can be utilized for future research on cellular invasion in capsular fibrosis. This descriptive study helps to gain a better understanding of cellular mechanisms involved in the FBR. Increases of ECM and cellularity were observed over time with SEM and TEM analysis.

中文翻译：

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SEM 和 TEM 用于识别乳房植入物周围的包膜纤维化和细胞行为——描述性分析

包膜纤维化（CF）是植入物隆胸中最常见的长期并发症。人们普遍认为，异物反应 (FBR) 会促使纤维化疾病的发展。我们的研究旨在比较 CF 的小鼠和人类样本，并使用扫描和透射电子显微镜（SEM 和 TEM）描述细胞和细胞外基质 (ECM) 的组成。将微型微纹理硅胶乳房植入物植入小鼠体内，随后在术后第 15、30 和 90 天收获。术后收集具有最严重形式的 CF (Baker IV) 的分离的人体胶囊。两者都用 SEM 和 TEM 进行分析，以评估细胞浸润和 ECM 结构。与第 15 天和第 30 天相比，在第 90 天观察到胶原纤维排列从单向到多向的结构转变。随着组织细胞浸润的增加，观察到纤维化。此外，在硅胶碎片周围可见细菌聚集。这些发现在鼠类和人类胶囊中都很常见。这种小鼠模型准确地概括了人类发现的 CF，可用于未来对包膜纤维化细胞侵袭的研究。这项描述性研究有助于更好地了解 FBR 中涉及的细胞机制。通过 SEM 和 TEM 分析，随着时间的推移观察到 ECM 和细胞结构的增加。这些发现在鼠类和人类胶囊中都很常见。这种小鼠模型准确地概括了人类发现的 CF，可用于未来对包膜纤维化细胞侵袭的研究。这项描述性研究有助于更好地了解 FBR 中涉及的细胞机制。通过 SEM 和 TEM 分析，随着时间的推移观察到 ECM 和细胞结构的增加。这些发现在鼠类和人类胶囊中都很常见。这种小鼠模型准确地概括了人类发现的 CF，可用于未来对包膜纤维化细胞侵袭的研究。这项描述性研究有助于更好地了解 FBR 中涉及的细胞机制。通过 SEM 和 TEM 分析，随着时间的推移观察到 ECM 和细胞结构的增加。